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Assessing reliability, change after intervention, and performance of a water insecurity scale in rural Ethiopia

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  • Craig Hadley

    (Emory University)

  • Matthew C. Freeman

    (Emory University)

Abstract

There is growing interest in the phenomenon of water insecurity, yet a relative paucity of tools to assess the occurrence and severity of water insecurity at the household level. We sought to assess the validity and reliability of a household water insecurity scale in a rural Ethiopian context. Secondary data on water insecurity from up to 1934 rural Ethiopian households that had participated in a water and sanitation intervention was analysed. Exploratory factor analysis and Cronbach’s alpha were used to assess dimensionality of the water insecurity responses and parametric and non-parametric tests used to test for differences in household water insecurity scores across household types and objective measures of household water access. Factor analysis revealed one dominant factor and the Cronbach’s alpha of the water insecurity scale was 0.94. Households with access to improved water sources, that lived close to water collection points, that did not farm, and that felt they had “enough” water all scored as significantly more water secure on the household water insecurity scale (P

Suggested Citation

  • Craig Hadley & Matthew C. Freeman, 2016. "Assessing reliability, change after intervention, and performance of a water insecurity scale in rural Ethiopia," Food Security: The Science, Sociology and Economics of Food Production and Access to Food, Springer;The International Society for Plant Pathology, vol. 8(4), pages 855-864, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:ssefpa:v:8:y:2016:i:4:d:10.1007_s12571-016-0599-1
    DOI: 10.1007/s12571-016-0599-1
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Stevenson, Edward G.J. & Greene, Leslie E. & Maes, Kenneth C. & Ambelu, Argaw & Tesfaye, Yihenew Alemu & Rheingans, Richard & Hadley, Craig, 2012. "Water insecurity in 3 dimensions: An anthropological perspective on water and women's psychosocial distress in Ethiopia," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 75(2), pages 392-400.
    2. Wutich, Amber & Ragsdale, Kathleen, 2008. "Water insecurity and emotional distress: Coping with supply, access, and seasonal variability of water in a Bolivian squatter settlement," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 67(12), pages 2116-2125, December.
    3. Meredith E Stocks & Stephanie Ogden & Danny Haddad & David G Addiss & Courtney McGuire & Matthew C Freeman, 2014. "Effect of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene on the Prevention of Trachoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis," PLOS Medicine, Public Library of Science, vol. 11(2), pages 1-29, February.
    4. Eric C Strunz & David G Addiss & Meredith E Stocks & Stephanie Ogden & Jürg Utzinger & Matthew C Freeman, 2014. "Water, Sanitation, Hygiene, and Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis," PLOS Medicine, Public Library of Science, vol. 11(3), pages 1-38, March.
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    Cited by:

    1. Godfred O Boateng & Shalean M Collins & Patrick Mbullo & Pauline Wekesa & Maricianah Onono & Torsten B Neilands & Sera L Young, 2018. "A novel household water insecurity scale: Procedures and psychometric analysis among postpartum women in western Kenya," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 13(6), pages 1-28, June.
    2. Maes, Kenneth & Closser, Svea & Tesfaye, Yihenew & Abesha, Roza, 2019. "Psychosocial distress among unpaid community health workers in rural Ethiopia: Comparing leaders in Ethiopia's Women's Development Army to their peers," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 230(C), pages 138-146.
    3. Bethany A. Caruso & Thomas Clasen & Kathryn M. Yount & Hannah L. F. Cooper & Craig Hadley & Regine Haardörfer, 2017. "Assessing Women’s Negative Sanitation Experiences and Concerns: The Development of a Novel Sanitation Insecurity Measure," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-22, July.
    4. Breanna K. Wodnik & Matthew C. Freeman & Anna S. Ellis & Emily Awino Ogutu & Amy Webb Girard & Bethany A. Caruso, 2018. "Development and Application of Novel Caregiver Hygiene Behavior Measures Relating to Food Preparation, Handwashing, and Play Environments in Rural Kenya," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-23, September.

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