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CAD: an algorithm for citation-anchors detection in research papers

Author

Listed:
  • Riaz Ahmad

    (Capital University of Science & Technology)

  • Muhammad Tanvir Afzal

    (Capital University of Science & Technology)

Abstract

Citations are very important parameters and are used to take many important decisions like ranking of researchers, institutions, countries, and to measure the relationship between research papers. All of these require accurate counting of citations and their occurrence (in-text citation counts) within the citing papers. Citation anchors refer to the citation made within the full text of the citing paper for example: ‘[1]’, ‘(Afzal et al, 2015)’, ‘[Afzal, 2015]’ etc. Identification of citation-anchors from the plain-text is a very challenging task due to the various styles and formats of citations. Recently, Shahid et al. highlighted some of the problems such as commonality in content, wrong allotment, mathematical ambiguities, and string variations etc in automatically identifying the in-text citation frequencies. The paper proposes an algorithm, CAD, for identification of citation-anchors and its in-text citation frequency based on different rules. For a comprehensive analysis, the dataset of research papers is prepared: on both Journal of Universal Computer Science (J.UCS) and (2) CiteSeer digital libraries. In experimental study, we conducted two experiments. In the first experiment, the proposed approach is compared with state-of-the-art technique over both datasets. The J.UCS dataset consists of 1200 research papers with 16,000 citation strings or references while the CiteSeer dataset consists of 52 research papers with 1850 references. The total dataset size becomes 1252 citing documents and 17,850 references. The experiments showed that CAD algorithm improved F-score by 44% and 37% respectively on both J.UCS and CiteSeer dataset over the contemporary technique (Shahid et al. in Int J Arab Inf Technol 12:481–488, 2014). The average score is 41% on both datasets. In the second experiment, the proposed approach is further analyzed against the existing state-of-the-art tools: CERMINE and GROBID. According to our results, the proposed approach is best performing with F1 of 0.99, followed by GROBID (F1 0.89) and CERMINE (F1 0.82).

Suggested Citation

  • Riaz Ahmad & Muhammad Tanvir Afzal, 2018. "CAD: an algorithm for citation-anchors detection in research papers," Scientometrics, Springer;Akadémiai Kiadó, vol. 117(3), pages 1405-1423, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:scient:v:117:y:2018:i:3:d:10.1007_s11192-018-2920-6
    DOI: 10.1007/s11192-018-2920-6
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Ding, Ying & Liu, Xiaozhong & Guo, Chun & Cronin, Blaise, 2013. "The distribution of references across texts: Some implications for citation analysis," Journal of Informetrics, Elsevier, vol. 7(3), pages 583-592.
    2. Hu, Zhigang & Chen, Chaomei & Liu, Zeyuan, 2013. "Where are citations located in the body of scientific articles? A study of the distributions of citation locations," Journal of Informetrics, Elsevier, vol. 7(4), pages 887-896.
    3. Kevin W. Boyack & Henry Small & Richard Klavans, 2013. "Improving the accuracy of co-citation clustering using full text," Journal of the Association for Information Science & Technology, Association for Information Science & Technology, vol. 64(9), pages 1759-1767, September.
    4. Henry Small, 1973. "Co‐citation in the scientific literature: A new measure of the relationship between two documents," Journal of the American Society for Information Science, Association for Information Science & Technology, vol. 24(4), pages 265-269, July.
    5. Kevin W. Boyack & Henry Small & Richard Klavans, 2013. "Improving the accuracy of co‐citation clustering using full text," Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, Association for Information Science & Technology, vol. 64(9), pages 1759-1767, September.
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    Cited by:

    1. Sehrish Iqbal & Saeed-Ul Hassan & Naif Radi Aljohani & Salem Alelyani & Raheel Nawaz & Lutz Bornmann, 2021. "A decade of in-text citation analysis based on natural language processing and machine learning techniques: an overview of empirical studies," Scientometrics, Springer;Akadémiai Kiadó, vol. 126(8), pages 6551-6599, August.

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