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Sanitation situations in selected Southeast Asian countries and application of innovative technologies

Author

Listed:
  • Thammarat Koottatep

    (Asian Institute of Technology (AIT))

  • Saroj Kumar Chapagain

    (Asian Institute of Technology (AIT))

  • Chongrak Polprasert

    (Thammasat University)

  • Atitaya Panuvatvanich

    (Asian Institute of Technology (AIT))

  • Kyu-Hong Ahn

    (Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST))

Abstract

Sanitation coverages in selected Southeast Asian countries, namely Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam, were increased from 1990 to 2015. The toilet coverage of 96, 100 and 99% was reported in Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam, respectively. On contrary, incidences of waterborne disease and water pollution are still in existence. This situation is due mainly to poor design, performance and maintenance of the dominantly used on-site sanitation systems (OSS) such as septic tanks, cesspools. In addition, fecal sludge (FS), which has to be emptied from these OSS, is not properly managed. There are lacks in rules and regulation on FS management (FSM). Recent research conducted at the Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand, involved the development of innovative OSS, namely solar septic tanks, Zyclone cube toilet and septic tank effluent treatment units. The operation of solar septic tanks with increased temperatures of 40–50 °C could inactive E. coli by 4–6 logs in the effluent. The solar septic tanks enhanced the microbial degradability with increased methane gas production and reducing fecal sludge accumulation by 50%. The Zyclone cube toilet separated the toilet wastewater into solid and liquid portions, which were treated by heating and electrochemical disinfection, respectively. The septic tank effluent was further treated by a unit consisting of granular activated carbon coated with nano-silver resulting in E. coli reduction of 5–6 logs. These technologies should be applied for OSS in Southeast Asian and other developing regions for environmental improvement and public health protection.

Suggested Citation

  • Thammarat Koottatep & Saroj Kumar Chapagain & Chongrak Polprasert & Atitaya Panuvatvanich & Kyu-Hong Ahn, 2018. "Sanitation situations in selected Southeast Asian countries and application of innovative technologies," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 20(1), pages 495-506, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:endesu:v:20:y:2018:i:1:d:10.1007_s10668-016-9892-6
    DOI: 10.1007/s10668-016-9892-6
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. World Bank, 2013. "East Asia and the Pacific Region Urban Sanitation Review : A Call for Action," World Bank Publications - Reports 17616, The World Bank Group.
    2. anonymous, 2007. "Economic impacts of sanitation in Southeast Asia : summary," Policy Research Working Paper Series 44121, The World Bank.
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    Cited by:

    1. Mohammad Rashid & Debapratim Pandit, 2021. "An assessment of service level of household toilet attributes based on the users’ satisfaction in rural Bihar, India," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 23(5), pages 7373-7392, May.

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