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Hard and Soft

Author

Listed:
  • Claes H. de Vreese

    (University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands, c.h.devreese@uva.nl)

  • Hajo G. Boomgaarden

    (University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands, h.boomgaarden@uva.nl)

  • Holli A. Semetko

    (Emory University, USA, holli.semetko@emory.edu)

Abstract

Support for European integration is a function no longer only of `hard' economic and utilitarian predictors but also of `soft' predictors such as feelings of identity and attitudes towards immigrants. Focusing on the issue of the potential membership of Turkey in the European Union (EU), this study demonstrates that the importance of `soft' predictors outweighs the role of `hard' predictors in understanding public opinion about Turkish membership. The study draws on survey data (N = 1630) and applies a series of regression models and structural equation modelling to show in addition how the effects of utilitarian considerations are mediated through `soft' indicators, further accentuating the importance of identity considerations and anti-immigration sentiments. The findings are discussed in the light of public support for and the legitimacy of further European enlargement.

Suggested Citation

  • Claes H. de Vreese & Hajo G. Boomgaarden & Holli A. Semetko, 2008. "Hard and Soft," European Union Politics, , vol. 9(4), pages 511-530, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:sae:eeupol:v:9:y:2008:i:4:p:511-530
    DOI: 10.1177/1465116508095149
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Sniderman, Paul M. & Hagendoorn, Louk & Prior, Markus, 2004. "Predisposing Factors and Situational Triggers: Exclusionary Reactions to Immigrant Minorities," American Political Science Review, Cambridge University Press, vol. 98(1), pages 35-49, February.
    2. Eichenberg, Richard C. & Dalton, Russell J., 1993. "Europeans and the European Community: the dynamics of public support for European integration," International Organization, Cambridge University Press, vol. 47(4), pages 507-534, October.
    3. Claes H. De Vreese & Hajo G. Boomgaarden, 2006. "Media Effects on Public Opinion about the Enlargement of the European Union," Journal of Common Market Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 44(2), pages 419-436, June.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

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