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Internationalisation des réseaux de R&D : une approche par les relations d'entreprises

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  • Céline Thévenot

Abstract

[fre] Depuis une quinzaine d'années, l'ouverture internationale des entreprises en matière de R&D s'est développée. Quels sont les avantages qui font que, malgré des coûts d'éloignement potentiellement importants, des entreprises choisissent de déplacer tout ou une partie de leur R&D ? En théorie, les motivations qui interviennent sont au nombre de trois : l'apprentissage, ou augmentation du stock de connaissances, la conquête de nouveaux marchés ou exploitation du stock existant, et enfin, l'accès à des coûts plus faibles pour réaliser l'activité de recherche. L'objectif de cet article est de déterminer l'importance relative de ces motivations pour les entreprises françaises. L'Enquête sur les relations inter-entreprises (Erie) de 2003 permet d'appréhender les relations de R&D entre des entreprises françaises et leurs partenaires, français ou étrangers. Les résultats montrent que la complémentarité avec le partenaire de R&D, qui favorise l'apprentissage, est déterminante lorsque les entreprises choisissent d'internationaliser leur R&D. L'accès à de nouveaux marchés intervient également, mais de façon secondaire. Enfin, l'objectif de réduction des coûts n'est pas important. En particulier, on n'observe jusqu'à présent que très peu de relations avec des partenaires situés dans des pays à bas coûts. [eng] The Internationalisation of R& D Networks: a Company Relations Approach. For around fifteen years, companies have developed the international side of their R& D. What are the advantages which mean that, despite the potentially high distancing costs, companies choose to outsource all or part of their R& D? In theory, there are three motivations: learning, or an increased knowledge stock, the conquest of new markets or exploitation of existing stock, and fi nally access to lower research costs. The aim of this article is to determine the relative importance of these motivations for French companies. The 2003 Inter-company relations survey (Erie -Enquête sur les relations inter-entreprises) sheds more light on the R& D relationships between French companies and their partners, be they French or foreign. The results show that a complimentary relationship with an R& D partner, which fosters learning, is a determining factor when companies choose to internationalise their R& D. Access to new markets also has an impact, but a secondary one. Finally, the cost-reduction aim is not signifi cant. In particular, up until now very few relationships with partners in low-cost countries have been observed. [ger] Internationalisierung der FuE-Netze: ein Ansatz nach Unternehmensbeziehungen. Seit fünfzehn Jahren findet eine verstärkte internationale Öffnung der Unternehmen im Bereich der FuE statt. Welche Vorteile veranlassen die Unternehmen, trotz potenziell hoher Kosten aufgrund der Entfernung ihre FuE ganz oder teilweise zu verlagern? Theoretisch spielen drei Gründe eine Rolle: der Erwerb oder die Ausweitung von Fachwissen, die Eroberung neuer Märkte oder die Nutzung des vorhandenen Bestands sowie die niedrigeren Kosten für die Forschungstätigkeiten. Ziel dieses Artikels ist es, die relative Bedeutung dieser Gründe für die französischen Unternehmen zu bestimmen. Die Erhebung über die zwischenbetrieblichen Beziehungen (Erie) von 2003 gibt Aufschluss über die FuE-Beziehungen zwischen französischen Unternehmen und ihren französischen oder ausländischen Partnern. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Komplementarität mit den FuE-Partnern, die den Erwerb von Fachwissen fördert, bei der Entscheidung der Unternehmen zugunsten einer Internationalisierung ihrer FuE ausschlaggebend ist. Auch der Zugang zu neuen Märkten ist entscheidend, allerdings in geringerem Maße. Die Kostensenkung ist aber kein wichtiger Faktor. Festgestellt wird insbesondere, dass bislang nur sehr wenige Beziehungen zu Partnern in Ländern mit niedrigen Kosten bestehen. [spa] Desde hace unos quince años, se ha desarrollado la apertura internacional de las empresas en materia de Investigación y Desarrollo. ¿ Cuáles son las ventajas que hacen que, a pesar de los costes de alejamiento potencialmente importantes, las empresas eligen desplazar todo o parte de su Investigación y Desarrollo? En teoría, las motivaciones que intervienen son tres: el aprendizaje, o aumento del stock de conocimientos, la conquista de nuevos mercados o explotación del stock existente, y fi nalmente, el acceso a costes más bajos para realizar la actividad de investigación. El objetivo de este artículo consiste en determinar la importancia relativa de estas motivaciones para las empresas francesas. La Investigación sobre las relaciones interempresas . (Erie) de 2003 permite aprehender las relaciones de Investigación y Desarrollo entre empresas francesas y sus socios, franceses o extranjeros. Los resultados ponen de manifi esto que la complementariedad con el socio de Investigación y Desarrollo, que favorece el aprendizaje, es determinante cuando las empresas eligen internacionalizar su Investigación y desarrollo. El acceso a nuevos mercados también interviene, pero de manera secundaria. Finalmente, el objetivo de reducción de los costes no es importante. En particular, hasta ahora sólo se observan muy pocas relaciones con socios situados en países de bajos costes. Internacionalización de las redes de Investigación y Desarrollo: un enfoque por las relaciones de empresas

Suggested Citation

  • Céline Thévenot, 2007. "Internationalisation des réseaux de R&D : une approche par les relations d'entreprises," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 405(1), pages 141-162.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_2007_num_405_1_7082
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.2007.7082
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.2007.7082
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