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Pourquoi le solde commercial américain a-t-il continué de se dégrader depuis 2002 malgré la dépréciation du dollar ?

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  • Pierre Beynet
  • Éric Dubois
  • Damien Fréville
  • Alain Michel

Abstract

[eng] Why has the American Trade Balance Continued Deteriorating since 2002 despite the Depreciation of the U. S. Dollar ? . The American trade defi cit has grown continually since 2002, reaching a record high (6.2% of GDP) in 2005, even though the U. S. dollar’s four-year decline has had a positive impact, estimated at nearly 1% of GDP, as expected from the J-curve mechanism (the depreciation of the exchange rate initially leads to a worsening of the trade balance, which is subsequently followed by an improvement as soon as competitiveness gains take ground). Improved non oil terms of trade, and cyclical divergence between the United States and the rest of the world, have also been favourable to the American trade balance. However, other factors have more than offset these positive effects. The United States’ energy bill has increased by 1.4% of GDP. The low ratio of nominal exports to nominal imports, which spontaneously leads to a deterioration in the trade balance even if imports and exports grow at the same rate, explains a further deterioration of 1.7% of GDP. The remaining source of defi cit growth, accounting for 2.3%, is due to unexplained factors such as •non-price competitiveness”. The American trade balance is expected to remain at the same level as 2006. Based on this scenario, simulations suggest that in the short term, only a slowdown of the American economy (-1% growth) could lead to a signifi cant reduction in its trade defi cit (by -0.4% in 2007). Conversely, the cumulative effects of past depreciation are expected to have no impact beyond 2006 while a further depreciation of the dollar (of 10%) will not produce positive effects before 2008. An increase in the world growth outside the United States (+ 1%) would only have a limited effect on America’s trade balance (from 0.1 to 0.2% of GDP) in 2007. . . . . Éric Dubois, and [fre] Le déficit de la balance commerciale américaine n'a cessé de se dégrader depuis 2002, atteignant en 2005 un maximum historique (6,2 % du Pib), alors même que quatre années de baisse du dollar ont bien eu un effet positif, évalué à près d'un point de Pib, le mécanisme de la courbe en J (dégradation initiale du solde commercial suite à la dépréciation du change, puis amélioration au fur et à mesure que les gains de compétitivité produisent leurs effets) ayant bien joué. L'amélioration des termes de l'échange hors pétrole et l'écart de conjoncture entre les États-Unis et le reste du monde ont également contribué positivement à l'évolution de la balance commerciale américaine. Mais d'autres facteurs ont plus que compensé ces effets favorables. La facture énergétique des États-Unis s'est accrue de 1,4 point de Pib. À la faiblesse initiale du taux de couverture des importations par les exportations, qui conduit, à croissance identique des exportations et des importations, à creuser le solde, est associée une dégradation du solde de 1,7 point de Pib. Enfin la dernière source de détérioration regroupe, pour 2,3 points, les facteurs inexpliqués, dont la « compétitivité hors-prix ». Le solde commercial américain pourrait rester en 2007 quasiment identique à celui anticipé pour la fin de 2006. Des simulations autour de ce scénario central suggèrent qu'à court terme seul un ralentissement de l'économie américaine (- 1 point de croissance) pourrait permettre une certaine résorption de son déficit commercial, de - 0,4 point dès 2007. En effet, les effets cumulés de la dépréciation passée ne joueraient plus au-delà de 2006 tandis qu'une nouvelle dépréciation du dollar (de 10 %) ne produirait pas d'effets positifs avant deux ans (soit 2008). Une accélération de la croissance mondiale hors des États-Unis (+ 1 point) n'aurait qu'un effet limité sur ce solde commercial (de 0,1 à 0,2 point de Pib) en 2007. [spa] ¿ Por qué el saldo comercial estadounidense ha continuado degradándose desde 2002 a pesar de la depreciación del dólar? . El défi cit de la balanza comercial estadounidense no ha dejado de degradarse desde 2002, alcanzando en 2005 un máximo histórico (6,2 % del PIB) evaluado en casi un punto de PIB; aún cuando cuatro años de debilidad del dólar han tenido un efecto positivo, el mecanismo de la curva en J (degradación inicial del saldo comercial tras la depreciación del cambio, con mejora ulterior a medida que las ganancias de competitividad producen sus efectos) ha funcionado bien. La mejora de las relaciones de intercambio, con excepción del petróleo, y la diferencia de coyuntura entre los Estados Unidos y el resto del mundo han contribuido también positivamente en la evolución de la balanza comercial estadounidense. Pero otros factores han compensado más que estos efectos favorables. La factura energética de los Estados Unidos ha aumentado de 1,4 puntos de PIB. A la debilidad inicial de la tasa de cobertura de importaciones con exportaciones, que a crecimiento idéntico de las exportaciones e importaciones supone reducir el saldo, se asocia una degradación del saldo de 1,7 puntos de PIB. Por último, la última fuente de deterioro reúne, con 2,3 puntos, los factores inexplicables, como la •competitividad fuera del precio”. El saldo comercial estadounidense podría mantenerse en 2007 casi idéntico al anticipado para fi nales de 2006. Simulaciones en torno a este escenario central sugieren que a corto plazo sólo una desaceleración de la economía estadounidense (-1 punto de crecimiento) podría permitir una cierta rebaja de su défi cit comercial, de -0,4 puntos desde 2007. Efectivamente, los efectos acumulados de la depreciación pasada dejarían de afectar a partir de 2006, mientras que una nueva depreciación del dólar (de 10 %) no produciría efectos positivos antes de dos años (es decir 2008). Una aceleración del crecimiento mundial fuera de los Estados Unidos (+ 1 punto) sólo tendría un efecto limitado en este saldo comercial (de 0,1 a 0,2 puntos de PIB) en 2007. . . . . Dubois, [ger] Warum hat sich die amerikanische Handelsbilanz trotz des Wertverlusts des Dollar seit 2002 weiter verschlechtert? . Das Defi zit der amerikanischen Handelsbilanz hat seit 2002 unentwegt zugenommen und erreichte 2005 einen historischen Höchststand (6,2% des BIP), obwohl der vier Jahre anhaltende Wertverlust des Dollar einen positiven Effekt hatte; der Mechanismus der J-Kurve (anfängliche Verschlechterung der Handelsbilanz infolge des Wertverlusts der Währung und danach Verbesserung in dem Maße, wie die Wettbewerbsgewinne greifen) kam zum Tragen. Auch die Verbesserung der Austauschrelation ohne Erdöl und die unterschiedliche Konjunkturentwicklung in den Vereinigten Staaten und in der restlichen Welt hatten einen positiven Einfl uss auf die amerikanische Handelsbilanz. Diese günstigen Effekte wurden aber durch andere Faktoren mehr als kompensiert. Die Energierechnung der Vereinigten Staaten nahm um 1,4 BIP-Punkte zu. Zu der anfänglichen Schwäche der Quote der Deckung der Einfuhren durch Ausfuhren, die bei gleichem Anstieg von Exporten und Importen den Saldo weiter negativ beeinfl usst, kommt eine Verschlechterung des Saldos um 1,7 BIP-Punkte hinzu. Die letzte Ursache für die Verschlechterung •um 2,3 Punkte •sind die unerklärten Faktoren, darunter die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit ohne Berücksichtigung der Preise. Der Saldo der amerikanischen Handelsbilanz könnte 2007 quasi mit dem für Ende 2006 antizipierten identisch sein. Simulationen zu diesem zentralen Szenario lassen darauf schließen, dass nur eine Verlangsamung der amerikanischen Wirtschaft (-1 Prozentpunkt Wachstum) kurzfristig einen gewissen Abbau ihres Handelsbilanzdefi zits (-0,4 Prozentpunkte ab 2007) ermöglichen könnte. Denn die kumulierten Effekte des früheren Dollar-Wertverlusts kämen nach 2006 nicht mehr zum Tragen und ein neuer Dollar-Wertverlust (um 10%) würde sich nicht vor zwei Jahren (d. h. 2008) positiv auswirken. Eine Beschleunigung des weltweiten Wachstums außerhalb der Vereinigten Staaten (+ 1 Prozentpunkt) würde 2007 den Handelsbilanzsaldo nur begrenzt beeinfl ussen (0,1 bis 0,2 BIP-Punkte).

Suggested Citation

  • Pierre Beynet & Éric Dubois & Damien Fréville & Alain Michel, 2006. "Pourquoi le solde commercial américain a-t-il continué de se dégrader depuis 2002 malgré la dépréciation du dollar ?," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 397(1), pages 3-20.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_2006_num_397_1_7123
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.2006.7123
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.2006.7123
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