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Modeling and managing household travels taking into considering of school bus

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  • Qing Dai
  • Jiajia Zhang

Abstract

This paper examines the household commuting problem in a bi-modal transportation that includes both autos and school buses. Traditional studies of household commuting have assumed that adults first drop off their children at school before driving to work. However, with the increasing use of school buses in metropolitan areas, household commuting patterns have changed. This paper investigates the impact of school buses on household travel behavior during morning peak hours. Simultaneously, this paper also takes into account the positive utilities of household commuters’ activities at home, school and workplace, as well as the negative utilities of travel time and schedule delay. In this paper, based on activity approach, first, a net utility function is developed using these factors. Then, based on the net utility function, the occurrence conditions of all the possible equilibrium travel patterns are analytically solved and the properties of the user equilibrium are researched. Specifically, this paper examines how equilibrium travel patterns are affected by school bus fares and school-work start time difference, and at equilibrium travel patterns, the net utilities of household commuters are also analyzed. Finally, a first-best time-varying toll model is suggested to alleviate traffic congestion caused by household commuting.

Suggested Citation

  • Qing Dai & Jiajia Zhang, 2025. "Modeling and managing household travels taking into considering of school bus," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 20(5), pages 1-19, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0324561
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0324561
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Tian, Li-Jun & Sheu, Jiuh-Biing & Huang, Hai-Jun, 2019. "The morning commute problem with endogenous shared autonomous vehicle penetration and parking space constraint," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 123(C), pages 258-278.
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    3. van den Berg, Vincent A.C., 2014. "Coarse tolling with heterogeneous preferences," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 64(C), pages 1-23.
    4. Szimba, Eckhard & Hartmann, Martin, 2020. "Assessing travel time savings and user benefits of automated driving – A case study for a commuting relation," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 98(C), pages 229-237.
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