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Comprehensive techno-environmental evaluation of an isolated PV/wind/biomass hybrid microgrid employing various battery technologies: A comparative analysis

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  • Mohammed Alqahtani
  • Saeed Alhajri
  • Ahmed S. Menesy
  • Ali Maher Mohammed
  • Hamdy M. Sultan
  • Muhammad Khalid

Abstract

Renewable energy technologies offer promise for addressing energy access and environmental concerns, especially in remote off-grid areas. This paper presents a comprehensive techno-economic analysis of an off-grid PV/wind/biomass hybrid system. Employing optimization techniques including the osprey optimization algorithm (OOA), zebra optimization algorithm (ZOA), and flying foxes optimization (FFO) algorithm, the study aims to determine the optimal sizing of solar PV, wind, biomass, and battery components. Using data from Tabuk, Saudi Arabia (28.38° N, 36.56° E), the study seeks to achieve optimal sizing for solar PV, wind, biomass, and battery storage components to minimize the net present cost (NPC) and ensure reliable power supply, adhering to specified loss of power supply probability (LPSP) and excess energy thresholds. Three battery types, namely, flooded lead-acid, lithium iron phosphate (LFP), and nickel iron (Ni-Fe), were analyzed. Results reveal that ZOA outperformed other algorithms, supplying electricity at a minimum cost of 0.1285 $/kWh in one configuration, with the LFP battery achieving the lowest NPC of 3.8 M$ in case studies with constrained LPSP. Across multiple simulations, ZOA displayed superior stability and convergence characteristics, evidenced by its tight objective function range and lower relative error metrics. These findings underscore the potential of this integrated approach to enhance the economic viability and operational resilience of off-grid hybrid microgrid systems, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions.

Suggested Citation

  • Mohammed Alqahtani & Saeed Alhajri & Ahmed S. Menesy & Ali Maher Mohammed & Hamdy M. Sultan & Muhammad Khalid, 2025. "Comprehensive techno-environmental evaluation of an isolated PV/wind/biomass hybrid microgrid employing various battery technologies: A comparative analysis," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 20(2), pages 1-42, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0317757
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0317757
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Mohamed A Mohamed & Ali M Eltamaly & Abdulrahman I Alolah, 2016. "PSO-Based Smart Grid Application for Sizing and Optimization of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 11(8), pages 1-22, August.
    2. Usman Mussadiq & Saeed Ahmed & Muhammad Sajid & Dalia H Elkamchouch & Lal Hussain & Abdulbaset Gaddah & Fahd N Al-Wesabi & Anwer Mustafa Hilal, 2023. "The intelligent modelling and optimization of an economic and ecosystem-friendly model for grid connected prosumer community," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 18(1), pages 1-18, January.
    3. Ahmed S. Menesy & Hamdy M. Sultan & Ibrahim O. Habiballah & Hasan Masrur & Kaisar R. Khan & Muhammad Khalid, 2023. "Optimal Configuration of a Hybrid Photovoltaic/Wind Turbine/Biomass/Hydro-Pumped Storage-Based Energy System Using a Heap-Based Optimization Algorithm," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(9), pages 1-26, April.
    4. Cai, Wei & Li, Xing & Maleki, Akbar & Pourfayaz, Fathollah & Rosen, Marc A. & Alhuyi Nazari, Mohammad & Bui, Dieu Tien, 2020. "Optimal sizing and location based on economic parameters for an off-grid application of a hybrid system with photovoltaic, battery and diesel technology," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 201(C).
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