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HIV-related perceived stigma and internalized stigma among people living with HIV/AIDS in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Author

Listed:
  • Gebresilassie Tadesse
  • Gidey Rtbey
  • Fantahun Andualem
  • Girmaw Medfu Takelle
  • Mamaru Melkam
  • Asnake Tadesse Abate
  • Yilkal Abebaw Wassie
  • Tekletsadik Tekleslassie Alemayehu
  • Gebremariam Wulie Geremew
  • Eshetie Andargie Dires
  • Techilo Tinsae
  • Setegn Fentahun
  • Girum Nakie

Abstract

Background: HIV-related stigma has significant adverse impacts on people living with HIV/AIDS, such as psychological distress, decreased quality of life, a reluctance to get screened and treated, and a reluctance to disclose their status due to fear of stereotypes or rejection. Objectives: To determine the pooled prevalence and factors associated with HIV-related perceived stigma and internalized stigma among people living with HIV/AIDS in Africa. Methods: Articles that assessed the prevalence and associated factors of HIV-related perceived stigma and internalized stigma were reviewed. PubMed, EMBASE, Google Scholar, African Journal Online, CINAHL, and Science Direct were the databases used to search the primary studies. The data was extracted through a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and exported to STATA version 14 for further analysis. The I2 test was applied to test heterogeneity, whereas Egger’s test and funnel plot were used to check publication bias. Results: In this study, the total sample size was 28,355 (for perceived stigma) and 22,732 (for internalized stigma). The overall pooled prevalence of HIV-related perceived stigma and internalized stigma was determined to be 41.23% and 35.68%, respectively. Based on the subgroup analysis results, the highest pooled prevalence of perceived stigma was observed in Nigeria (50.04%), followed by Ethiopia (41.72%), while the highest prevalence of internalized stigma was observed in Ethiopia (56.13%), followed by Cameroon (44.66%). Females (OR = 1.63: 1.31, 2.02) and rural dwellers (OR = 1.93: 1.36, 2.74) had more odds of experiencing HIV-related perceived stigma. Conclusion and recommendation: This study concluded that four in ten and more than one-third of people living with HIV/AIDS suffered from perceived and internalized stigma. Thus, special considerations must be given to women and rural dwellers. It is recommended to implement multi-level interventions and foster empowerment and support for individuals living with HIV.

Suggested Citation

  • Gebresilassie Tadesse & Gidey Rtbey & Fantahun Andualem & Girmaw Medfu Takelle & Mamaru Melkam & Asnake Tadesse Abate & Yilkal Abebaw Wassie & Tekletsadik Tekleslassie Alemayehu & Gebremariam Wulie Ge, 2024. "HIV-related perceived stigma and internalized stigma among people living with HIV/AIDS in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 19(10), pages 1-26, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0309231
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0309231
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Turan, B. & Hatcher, A.M. & Weiser, S.D. & Johnson, M.O. & Rice, W.S. & Turan, J.M., 2017. "Framing mechanisms linking HIV-related stigma, adherence to treatment, and health outcomes," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 107(6), pages 863-869.
    2. repec:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/ajph.2017.303744_4 is not listed on IDEAS
    3. Danziger, Renee, 1994. "The social impact of HIV/AIDS in developing countries," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 39(7), pages 905-917, October.
    4. Hailay Abrha Gesesew & Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin & Tariku Dejene Demissie & Mirkuzie Woldie Kerie & Morankar Sudhakar & Lillian Mwanri, 2017. "Significant association between perceived HIV related stigma and late presentation for HIV/AIDS care in low and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 12(3), pages 1-16, March.
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