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Exploring trends and determinants of basic childhood vaccination coverage: Empirical evidence over 41 years

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  • Paloma Lanza-León
  • David Cantarero-Prieto
  • Marta Pascual-Sáez

Abstract

Vaccination is widely considered to be one of the most important prevention measures as a health strategy. This paper examines trends in basic childhood vaccination coverage and which country and time-dependent determinants may have influenced childhood immunization rates (1-dose BCG, 1- and 3-dose DTP (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis), 1-dose measles, and 3-dose polio) between 1980 and 2020 across 94 countries. We identify economic, inequality, demographic, health, education, labor market, environmental, and political stability factors of immunization. To do this, we use data from the annual WHO and United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) coverage estimates. The empirical analysis consists of generalized estimating equation models to assess relationships between immunization rates and socioeconomic factors. Additionally, we follow the Barro and Sala-i-Martín approach to identify conditional convergence. Our findings show the strongest positive statistically significant association between immunization rates and GDP per capita, as well as births attended by skilled health staff. Moreover, our research demonstrates conditional convergence, indicating that countries converge towards different steady states. The present study brings new insights to investigating the determinants of childhood vaccination coverage and provides significant implications for health policies.

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  • Paloma Lanza-León & David Cantarero-Prieto & Marta Pascual-Sáez, 2024. "Exploring trends and determinants of basic childhood vaccination coverage: Empirical evidence over 41 years," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 19(3), pages 1-17, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0300404
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300404
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Sakai, Yutaro, 2018. "The Vaccination Kuznets Curve: Do vaccination rates rise and fall with income?," Journal of Health Economics, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 195-205.
    2. Vladimira Varbanova & Philippe Beutels, 2020. "Recent quantitative research on determinants of health in high income countries: A scoping review," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(9), pages 1-21, September.
    3. Shrish Raut & Aditi Apte & Manikandan Srinivasan & Nonita Dudeja & Girish Dayma & Bireshwar Sinha & Ashish Bavdekar, 2022. "Determinants of maternal influenza vaccination in the context of low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 17(1), pages 1-16, January.
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