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Psychological and financial impacts of COVID-19-related travel measures: An international cross-sectional study

Author

Listed:
  • Pippa McDermid
  • Soumya Sooppiyaragath
  • Adam Craig
  • Meru Sheel
  • Katrina Blazek
  • Siobhan Talty
  • Holly Seale

Abstract

Background: The impact of COVID-19 international travel restrictions has to date, not been fully explored, and with the ongoing threat that new variants could potentially restrict movement further, it is important to consider the impacts that travel restrictions have on community members. This study aimed to evaluate the psychological and financial impact of COVID-19 travel restrictions on those separated from their partners or immediate families, as well as temporary visa holders who were unable to migrate. Methods: Between 4 November 2021 to 1 December 2021, we executed a cross-sectional online survey targeting three specific groups; (1) those stranded from their partners; (2) those stranded from immediate families; and (3) temporary visa holders unable to migrate or cross international borders. We collected data on respondents’ demographic profile; the nature of COVID-19-related travel impacts; depression, anxiety, and stress levels (using the validated DASS-21); and finally, data on respondents financial, employment and accommodation situation. Results: 1363 respondents located globally completed the survey. 71.2% reported financial stress, 76.8% (x¯=11.57, SD = 5.94) reported moderate-to-extremely severe depression, 51.6% (x¯=6.80, SD = 5.49) moderate-to-extremely severe anxiety, and 62.6% (x¯=11.52, SD = 5.55) moderate-to-extremely severe stress levels. Statistically significant factors associated with moderate-to-extremely severe depression, anxiety, and stress included being female, chronic illness, and experiencing financial stress. Employment during COVID-19 –specifically essential services workers or unemployed—was associated with higher levels of anxiety and stress, with only essential workers being a predictor of higher stress severity. Factors that provided psychological protection included being older and having children. Conclusion: This study is one of the first to explore the impact COVID-19-related international travel restrictions have had on the financial status and psychological health of affected individuals. It highlights the significant human cost associated with the restrictions and identifies psychologically vulnerable populations. These results will help the design of targeted health and social policy responses.

Suggested Citation

  • Pippa McDermid & Soumya Sooppiyaragath & Adam Craig & Meru Sheel & Katrina Blazek & Siobhan Talty & Holly Seale, 2022. "Psychological and financial impacts of COVID-19-related travel measures: An international cross-sectional study," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 17(8), pages 1-17, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0271894
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271894
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Siti Idayu Hasan & Anne Yee & Ariyani Rinaldi & Adlina Aisya Azham & Farizah Mohd Hairi & Amer Siddiq Amer Nordin, 2021. "Prevalence of common mental health issues among migrant workers: A systematic review and meta-analysis," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 16(12), pages 1-21, December.
    2. Hafiz Suliman Munawar & Sara Imran Khan & Zakria Qadir & Abbas Z. Kouzani & M A Parvez Mahmud, 2021. "Insight into the Impact of COVID-19 on Australian Transportation Sector: An Economic and Community-Based Perspective," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-24, January.
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