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Development and Validation of the Bicultural Youth Acculturation Questionnaire

Author

Listed:
  • Atif Kukaswadia
  • Ian Janssen
  • William Pickett
  • Jasmine Bajwa
  • Katholiki Georgiades
  • Richard N Lalonde
  • Elizabeth C Quon
  • Saba Safdar
  • Ian Pike

Abstract

Objectives: Acculturation is a multidimensional process involving changes in behaviour and beliefs. Questionnaires developed to measure acculturation are typically designed for specific ethnic populations and adult experiences. This study developed a questionnaire that measures acculturation among ethnically diverse populations of youth that can be included as a module in population surveys. Methods: Questionnaires measuring acculturation in youth were identified in the literature. The importance of items from the existing questionnaires was determined using a Delphi process and this informed the development of our questionnaire. The questionnaire was then pilot tested using a sample of 248 Canadians aged 18–25 via an online system. Participants identified as East and South East Asian (27.8%), South Asian (17.7%) and Black (13.7%). The majority were 1st (33.5%) or 2nd generation immigrants (52.0%). After redundant items were eliminated, exploratory factor analysis grouped items into domains, and, for each domain, internal consistency, and convergent validity with immigrant generation then age at immigration estimated. A subset of participants re-completed the questionnaire for reliability estimation. Results: The literature review yielded 117 articles that used 13 questionnaires with a total of 440 questions. The Delphi process reduced these to 32 questions. Pilot testing occurred in 248 Canadians aged 18–25. Following item reduction, 16 questions in three domains remained: dominant culture, heritage language, and heritage culture. All had good internal consistency (Cronbach’s alphas > .75). The mean dominant domain score increased with immigrant generation (1st generation: 3.69 (95% CI: 3.49–3.89), 2nd: 4.13 (4.00–4.26), 3rd: 4.40 (4.19–4.61)), and mean heritage language score was higher among those who immigrated after age 12 than before (p = .0001), indicative of convergent validity. Conclusions: This Bicultural Youth Acculturation Questionnaire has demonstrated validity. It can be incorporated into population health surveys to elucidate the impact of acculturation on health outcomes among bicultural youth.

Suggested Citation

  • Atif Kukaswadia & Ian Janssen & William Pickett & Jasmine Bajwa & Katholiki Georgiades & Richard N Lalonde & Elizabeth C Quon & Saba Safdar & Ian Pike, 2016. "Development and Validation of the Bicultural Youth Acculturation Questionnaire," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 11(8), pages 1-16, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0161048
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161048
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Hunt, L.M.Linda M. & Schneider, Suzanne & Comer, Brendon, 2004. "Should "acculturation" be a variable in health research? A critical review of research on US Hispanics," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 59(5), pages 973-986, September.
    2. Corak, Miles, 2011. "Age at Immigration and the Education Outcomes of Children," Analytical Studies Branch Research Paper Series 2011336e, Statistics Canada, Analytical Studies Branch.
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