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Development and Validation of the Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI)

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  • Yu-Hsuan Lin
  • Li-Ren Chang
  • Yang-Han Lee
  • Hsien-Wei Tseng
  • Terry B J Kuo
  • Sue-Huei Chen

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this study was to develop a self-administered scale based on the special features of smartphone. The reliability and validity of the Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI) was demonstrated. Methods: A total of 283 participants were recruited from Dec. 2012 to Jul. 2013 to complete a set of questionnaires, including a 26-item SPAI modified from the Chinese Internet Addiction Scale and phantom vibration and ringing syndrome questionnaire. There were 260 males and 23 females, with ages 22.9±2.0 years. Exploratory factor analysis, internal-consistency test, test-retest, and correlation analysis were conducted to verify the reliability and validity of the SPAI. Correlations between each subscale and phantom vibration and ringing were also explored. Results: Exploratory factor analysis yielded four factors: compulsive behavior, functional impairment, withdrawal and tolerance. Test–retest reliabilities (intraclass correlations = 0.74–0.91) and internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.94) were all satisfactory. The four subscales had moderate to high correlations (0.56–0.78), but had no or very low correlation to phantom vibration/ringing syndrome. Conclusion: This study provides evidence that the SPAI is a valid and reliable, self-administered screening tool to investigate smartphone addiction. Phantom vibration and ringing might be independent entities of smartphone addiction.

Suggested Citation

  • Yu-Hsuan Lin & Li-Ren Chang & Yang-Han Lee & Hsien-Wei Tseng & Terry B J Kuo & Sue-Huei Chen, 2014. "Development and Validation of the Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI)," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 9(6), pages 1-5, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0098312
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098312
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Min Kwon & Joon-Yeop Lee & Wang-Youn Won & Jae-Woo Park & Jung-Ah Min & Changtae Hahn & Xinyu Gu & Ji-Hye Choi & Dai-Jin Kim, 2013. "Development and Validation of a Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS)," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 8(2), pages 1-7, February.
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    2. Conchín Simó-Sanz & Mª Luisa Ballestar-Tarín & Antonio Martínez-Sabater, 2018. "Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI): Translation, adaptation and validation of the tool in Spanish adult population," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 13(10), pages 1-12, October.
    3. Elnur Rustamov & Tunzala Musayeva & Xalida Xalilova & Gultekin Ismayilova & Ulviyya Nahmatova, 2023. "Association between Self-Esteem and Smartphone Addiction: The Mediating Role of Self-Control," Technium Social Sciences Journal, Technium Science, vol. 46(1), pages 256-267, August.
    4. Jahng, Kyung Eun, 2019. "Maternal abusive parenting and young South Korean adolescents' problematic smartphone use: The moderating effects of time spent hanging out with peers and trusting peer relationships," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 98(C), pages 96-104.
    5. Sabakun Naher Shetu & Md. Muzahidul Islam & Sadia Islam Promi, 2022. "An Empirical Investigation of the Continued Usage Intention of Digital Wallets: The Moderating Role of Perceived Technological Innovativeness," Future Business Journal, Springer, vol. 8(1), pages 1-17, December.
    6. Kiss, Hedvig & Fitzpatrick, Kevin M. & Piko, Bettina F., 2020. "The digital divide: Risk and protective factors and the differences in problematic use of digital devices among Hungarian youth," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 108(C).
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    8. Yang Gyeong Yoo & Min Jeong Lee & Boas Yu & Mi Ra Yun, 2019. "The Effect of Mind Subtraction Meditation on Smartphone Addiction in School Children," Global Journal of Health Science, Canadian Center of Science and Education, vol. 11(10), pages 1-16, September.
    9. Yookyung Eoh & Eunsik Lee & Soo Hyun Park, 2022. "The Relationship between Children’s School Adaptation, Academic Achievement, Happiness, and Problematic Smartphone Usage: A Multiple Informant Moderated Mediating Model," Applied Research in Quality of Life, Springer;International Society for Quality-of-Life Studies, vol. 17(6), pages 3579-3593, December.
    10. Siew Mooi Ching & Anne Yee & Vasudevan Ramachandran & Sazlyna Mohd Sazlly Lim & Wan Aliaa Wan Sulaiman & Yoke Loong Foo & Fan kee Hoo, 2015. "Validation of a Malay Version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale among Medical Students in Malaysia," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 10(10), pages 1-11, October.

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