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Umbrella review of meta-analyses on the risk factors, protective factors, consequences and interventions of cyberbullying victimization

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  • K. T. A. Sandeeshwara Kasturiratna

    (Singapore Management University)

  • Andree Hartanto

    (Singapore Management University)

  • Crystal H. Y. Chen

    (Singapore Management University)

  • Eddie M. W. Tong

    (National University of Singapore
    National University of Singapore)

  • Nadyanna M. Majeed

    (Singapore Management University
    National University of Singapore)

Abstract

The increasing prevalence of cyberbullying victimization has become a commonplace issue globally. Although research has explored various predictors and consequences of cyberbullying victimization, most focus on a narrow range of variables or contexts, highlighting the need to comprehensively review and synthesize the wealth of empirical findings. We conducted a systematic review of meta-analyses on cyberbullying victimization, incorporating 56 meta-analyses and 296 effect sizes (sample size range 421–1,136,080, sample size median 53,183; searched via EBSCOhost ERIC, EBSCOhost PsycInfo, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, 13 cyberbullying-related journals, Google Scholar and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses) to address the following critical questions: (1) What are the crucial sociodemographic and psychological profiles of cyberbullying victims? (2) What critical contextual and environmental factors are associated with cyberbullying victimization? (3) What are the key psychological and behavioural consequences of cyberbullying victimization? (4) How effective are existing interventions in mitigating impacts of cyberbullying? Included meta-analyses had to focus on cyberbullying victimization and report at least one predictor or consequence. A quality assessment was conducted using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Instrument for Systematic Reviews and Research Syntheses. Findings suggest that females, school-aged populations, traditional bullying victims and frequent internet users were more likely to be cyberbullied. Unregulated school environments and unsupportive parental relationships were also associated with increased cyberbullying victimization. Cyberbullying victimization was consistently associated with negative psychological outcomes, lower school performance and maladaptive coping behaviours. More importantly, the current review found that cyberbullying intervention programmes show promising results. The current review underscores the importance of devoting adequate resources to mitigating cyberbullying victimization.

Suggested Citation

  • K. T. A. Sandeeshwara Kasturiratna & Andree Hartanto & Crystal H. Y. Chen & Eddie M. W. Tong & Nadyanna M. Majeed, 2025. "Umbrella review of meta-analyses on the risk factors, protective factors, consequences and interventions of cyberbullying victimization," Nature Human Behaviour, Nature, vol. 9(1), pages 101-132, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:nat:nathum:v:9:y:2025:i:1:d:10.1038_s41562-024-02011-6
    DOI: 10.1038/s41562-024-02011-6
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. David Moher & Alessandro Liberati & Jennifer Tetzlaff & Douglas G Altman & The PRISMA Group, 2009. "Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement," PLOS Medicine, Public Library of Science, vol. 6(7), pages 1-6, July.
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    3. Yijing Zhang & Ji-Kang Chen, 2023. "Emotional Intelligence and School Bullying Victimization in Children and Youth Students: A Meta-Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(6), pages 1-16, March.
    4. Best, Paul & Manktelow, Roger & Taylor, Brian, 2014. "Online communication, social media and adolescent wellbeing: A systematic narrative review," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 41(C), pages 27-36.
    5. Anna Sorrentino & Anna Costanza Baldry & David P. Farrington, 2018. "The Efficacy of the Tabby Improved Prevention and Intervention Program in Reducing Cyberbullying and Cybervictimization among Students," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-14, November.
    6. Erica R. Bailey & Sandra C. Matz & Wu Youyou & Sheena S. Iyengar, 2020. "Authentic self-expression on social media is associated with greater subjective well-being," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 11(1), pages 1-9, December.
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    1. Georgios Giannakopoulos & Foivos Zaravinos-Tsakos & Maria Mastrogiannakou & Andre Sourander & Gerasimos Kolaitis, 2025. "Changes in Bullying Experiences and Mental Health Problems Among Adolescents Before and After the COVID-19 Pandemic in Greece," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 22(4), pages 1-17, March.

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