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Soil Respiration in Maize, Wheat, and Barley Across a Growing Season: Findings from Croatia’s Continental Region

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  • Dija Bhandari

    (Sustainability in Agriculture, Food Production and Food Technology in the Danube Region (DAFM), Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska Cesta 25, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia)

  • Nikola Bilandžija

    (Division of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska Cesta 25, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia)

  • Tajana Krička

    (Division of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska Cesta 25, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia)

  • Zvonimir Zdunić

    (Agricultural Institute Osijek, Južno Predgrađe 17, 31 000 Osijek, Croatia)

  • Soni Ghimire

    (Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1525 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA)

  • Theresa Reinhardt Piskáčková

    (Department of Agroecology and Crop Production, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamycka 129, 165000 Prague, Czech Republic)

  • Darija Bilandžija

    (Division of Agroecology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska Cesta 25, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia)

Abstract

Soil respiration (Rs) in croplands is of primary importance in understanding the carbon (C) cycle mechanism and C balance of agroecosystems. This study examines the seasonal Rs dynamics in three predominant cereal crops, maize, wheat, and barley, in continental Croatia during the growing season 2021/2022. This study was conducted at the Agricultural Institute Osijek, featuring a continental climate and silty clay soil. Rs was measured monthly throughout the growing season by following an in situ closed static chamber method and using Infrared Gas Analyzers (IRGAs) with three replicates for each crop and a fallow control. This study found that crop type plays a prominent role in Rs dynamics, while temperature and moisture can have modifying effects. Significant ( p < 0.05) temporal variation in Rs between months was found in wheat, barley, and maize. Mean seasonal Rs values for wheat, barley, and maize were, respectively, 14.73, 19.64, and 12.72 kg CO 2 -C ha −1 day −1 . Cropped fields demonstrated two to three times higher Rs than no vegetation/fallow and indicated the significance of autotrophic respiration in cropped fields. There exists a seasonal dynamics of Rs governed by the complex interaction of biotic and abiotic factors that influences Rs. This necessitates a multifaceted examination for effective understanding of seasonal Rs dynamics and its integration to modeling studies.

Suggested Citation

  • Dija Bhandari & Nikola Bilandžija & Tajana Krička & Zvonimir Zdunić & Soni Ghimire & Theresa Reinhardt Piskáčková & Darija Bilandžija, 2025. "Soil Respiration in Maize, Wheat, and Barley Across a Growing Season: Findings from Croatia’s Continental Region," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(9), pages 1-16, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:17:y:2025:i:9:p:4207-:d:1650357
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Sai Zhang & Hafiz Athar Hussain & Longchang Wang & Saddam Hussain & Biao Li & Hangfei Zhou & Haixiu Luo & Xiaoyu Zhang & Zhonglian Ma & Ling Long & Yisha Dai, 2019. "Responses of Soil Respiration and Organic Carbon to Straw Mulching and Ridge Tillage in Maize Field of a Triple Cropping System in the Hilly Region of Southwest China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(11), pages 1-15, May.
    2. Ben Bond-Lamberty & Vanessa L. Bailey & Min Chen & Christopher M. Gough & Rodrigo Vargas, 2018. "Globally rising soil heterotrophic respiration over recent decades," Nature, Nature, vol. 560(7716), pages 80-83, August.
    3. Darija Bilandžija & Željka Zgorelec & Ivica Kisić, 2016. "Influence of Tillage Practices and Crop Type on Soil CO 2 Emissions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 8(1), pages 1-10, January.
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