Coordination Analysis Between Urban Livability and Population Distribution in China’s Major Urban Agglomerations

The mismatch between urban livability and population distribution can result in overcrowding and excessive pressure on ecosystem services if population growth surpasses urban capacity. Conversely, if urban expansion outpaces population needs, it can lead to underutilized infrastructure and inefficient land use. This study aims to assess the coordination between urban livability and population distribution in five major urban agglomerations in China: Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH), Yangtze River Delta (YRD), Pearl River Delta (PRD), Mid-Yangtze River (MYR), and Chengdu–Chongqing (CC). A comprehensive index for urban livability is established, from the aspects of social–economic development and ecosystem service. Additionally, a Coordination Distance Index ( CDI ) is developed to measure the relationship between urban livability and population distribution. Data from 2010, 2015, and 2020 are analyzed to evaluate the coordination levels and trends across the five urban agglomerations. The results show that from 2010 to 2020, most cities within these urban agglomerations experience improvements in their coordination levels, with the most notable advancements in the PRD and YRD regions. By 2020, the PRD and YRD were classified as having “high coordination”, while BTH, MYR, and CC were categorized as having “moderate coordination”. However, certain cities, such as Chengde in BTH, Shanghai in YRD, Ya’an in CC, and Zhuhai in PRD, still exhibited “low coordination”, highlighting areas requiring spatial planning adjustments. This study introduces a method for quantitatively assessing the coordination between urban livability and population distribution, providing essential insights for policymakers and urban planners to refine urbanization development strategies and population regulation policies in China’s major urban agglomerations.