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A Review on Liquid Hydrogen Storage: Current Status, Challenges and Future Directions

Author

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  • Ahmad Naquash

    (School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si 38541, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea)

  • Neha Agarwal

    (School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si 38541, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea)

  • Moonyong Lee

    (School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si 38541, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea)

Abstract

The growing interest in hydrogen (H 2 ) has motivated process engineers and industrialists to investigate the potential of liquid hydrogen (LH 2 ) storage. LH 2 is an essential component in the H 2 supply chain. Many researchers have studied LH 2 storage from the perspective of tank structure, boil-off losses, insulation schemes, and storage conditions. A few review studies have also been published considering LH 2 storage; however, most are simply collections of previous articles. None of these review articles have critically evaluated the research articles. In this review study, recent reports, conceptual studies, and patents have been included and critically discussed. Further, challenges and recommendations have been listed based on the literature review. Our results suggest that the multi-layer insulation scheme and integrated refrigeration system can effectively reduce boil-off losses. However, boil-off losses from storage tanks during transportation are the least discussed and must be addressed. The cost of an LH 2 storage tank is high, but it can be reduced with advancements in materials and the utilization of latest technologies. The present challenges and future directions for LH 2 storage include minimizing and utilizing boil-off losses, improving insulation schemes, and ensuring cost-effective large-scale LH 2 storage. This review study can be fundamental for process engineers and new academic researchers to design energy-efficient and cost-effective LH 2 storage systems.

Suggested Citation

  • Ahmad Naquash & Neha Agarwal & Moonyong Lee, 2024. "A Review on Liquid Hydrogen Storage: Current Status, Challenges and Future Directions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(18), pages 1-18, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:16:y:2024:i:18:p:8270-:d:1483803
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Kang, Dong-Hyun & An, Ji-Hong & Lee, Chul-Jin, 2024. "Numerical modeling and optimization of thermal insulation for liquid hydrogen storage tanks," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 291(C).
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    Cited by:

    1. Rey, I. & Barrio, V.L. & Agirre, I., 2025. "Environmental and economic assessment of large-scale hydrogen supply chains across Europe: LOHC vs other hydrogen technologies," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 401(PC).
    2. Qu, Zhiyuan & Cai, Zhicheng & Ma, Zhenxi & Zhang, Xiao & Shu, Zhiyong & Liang, Wenqing & Cai, Liang, 2025. "Co-simulation of thermal behavior in liquid hydrogen tanks under vacuum degradation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 329(C).
    3. Agyekum, Ephraim Bonah & Tarawneh, Bashar & Rashid, Farhan Lafta, 2025. "State-of-the-Art review of liquid organic hydrogen carriers for hydrogen storage and transport: challenges and perspectives," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 400(C).
    4. Arkadiusz Małek, 2025. "Low-Emission Hydrogen for Transport—A Technology Overview from Hydrogen Production to Its Use to Power Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(16), pages 1-32, August.

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