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Biochar with Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers Improves Defenses, Nitrogen Use Efficiency, and Yield of Maize Plants Subjected to Water Deficit in an Alkaline Soil

Author

Listed:
  • Norhan M. M. El-Syed

    (Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt)

  • Ayman M. Helmy

    (Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt)

  • Sara E. E. Fouda

    (Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt)

  • Mohamed M. Nabil

    (Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt)

  • Tamer A. Abdullah

    (Research in Field Crops Department, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza 12619, Egypt)

  • Sadeq K. Alhag

    (Biology Department, College of Science and Arts, King Khalid University, Muhayl Asser 61913, Saudi Arabia)

  • Laila A. Al-Shuraym

    (Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia)

  • Khalid M. Al Syaad

    (Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia)

  • Anam Ayyoub

    (College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China)

  • Mohsin Mahmood

    (Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China)

  • Ahmed S. Elrys

    (Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
    Liebig Centre for Agroecology and Climate Impact Research, Justus Liebig University, 35390 Giessen, Germany)

Abstract

Nutrient management practices, such as optimum fertilizer addition rate and co-addition of inorganic fertilizers and organic amendments (compost and biochar), were investigated to enhance crop production and nitrogen (N) use efficiency. However, how these practices improve the defense system, N use efficiency, yield quantity and quality, and physio-biochemical constituents of maize ( Zea mays L.) plants grown on an alkaline soil under different irrigation levels (well-watered conditions, mild drought, and severe drought) remains unclear. A two-year field trial was carried out in a split–split plot with a randomized complete block design with three irrigation levels (100% evapotranspiration (ET), 80% ET, and 60% ET) as the main plots, two amendments (5 Mg ha –1 biochar or compost) as subplots, and three regimes of inorganic fertilization (119-16-69, 179-24-99, and 238-31-138 kg N-phosphorus (P)-potassium (K) ha −1 ) as sub-subplots. We found that maize yield, oil, starch, protein, carbohydrates, and NPK uptake significantly decreased with increasing drought levels, but catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and proline contents significantly increased. The addition of organic amendments (compost or biochar) with inorganic fertilizers was more effective in enhancing the above attributes than inorganic fertilizers alone, but these attributes were positively related to inorganic fertilizer rates. The treatment of compost or biochar plus 238-31-138 kg N-P-K ha −1 was the best treatment. The agronomic efficiency of applied fertilizer N (NAE) significantly decreased with increasing drought levels by 28.4–34.7%. The addition of biochar with inorganic fertilizers significantly enhanced NAE by 11.6% compared to inorganic fertilizers alone. Comparing the effect of inorganic fertilizer rates across all irrigation levels, the treatment of 119-16-69 kg N-P-K ha −1 gave the highest NAE. Thus, the addition of optimum NPK fertilizer rate with biochar or compost is suitable to enhance the yield quantity and quality of maize plants grown on alkaline soils by improving its defensive system and N use efficiency, especially under the expected increase in aridity response to climate change.

Suggested Citation

  • Norhan M. M. El-Syed & Ayman M. Helmy & Sara E. E. Fouda & Mohamed M. Nabil & Tamer A. Abdullah & Sadeq K. Alhag & Laila A. Al-Shuraym & Khalid M. Al Syaad & Anam Ayyoub & Mohsin Mahmood & Ahmed S. El, 2023. "Biochar with Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers Improves Defenses, Nitrogen Use Efficiency, and Yield of Maize Plants Subjected to Water Deficit in an Alkaline Soil," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(16), pages 1-18, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:16:p:12223-:d:1214411
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Yuan, Chengfu & Feng, Shaoyuan & Huo, Zailin & Ji, Quanyi, 2019. "Effects of deficit irrigation with saline water on soil water-salt distribution and water use efficiency of maize for seed production in arid Northwest China," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 212(C), pages 424-432.
    2. Chen, Qi & Qu, Zhaoming & Ma, Guohua & Wang, Wenjing & Dai, Jiaying & Zhang, Min & Wei, Zhanbo & Liu, Zhiguang, 2022. "Humic acid modulates growth, photosynthesis, hormone and osmolytes system of maize under drought conditions," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 263(C).
    3. Mohsin Mahmood & Tianwei Xu & Waqas Ahmed & Jie Yang & Jiannan Li & Sajid Mehmood & Wenjie Liu & Jiechang Weng & Weidong Li, 2022. "Variability in Soil Parent Materials at Different Development Stages Controlled Phosphorus Fractions and Its Uptake by Maize Crop," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-19, April.
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