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Fate of Sulfate in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants and Its Effect on Sludge Recycling as a Fuel Source

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  • Que Nguyen Ho

    (Energy Environment Institute, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea
    Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam)

  • Giridhar Babu Anam

    (Department of Civil Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea)

  • Jaein Kim

    (Energy Environment Institute, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea)

  • Somin Park

    (Department of Disaster Prevention and Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea)

  • Tae-U Lee

    (Daegu Public Facilities Corporation, Daegu 42479, Republic of Korea)

  • Jae-Young Jeon

    (Daegu Public Facilities Corporation, Daegu 42479, Republic of Korea)

  • Yun-Young Choi

    (Department of Disaster Prevention and Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea)

  • Young-Ho Ahn

    (Department of Civil Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea)

  • Byung Joon Lee

    (Energy Environment Institute, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea
    Department of Advanced Science and Technology Convergence, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea)

Abstract

Wastewater sludge is used as an alternative fuel due to its high organic content and calorific value. However, influent characteristics and operational practices of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) can increase the sulfur content of sludge, devaluing it as a fuel. Thus, we investigated the biochemical mechanisms that elevate the sulfur content of sludge in a full-scale industrial WWTP receiving wastewater of the textile dyeing industry and a domestic WWTP by monitoring the sulfate, sulfur, and iron contents and the biochemical transformation of sulfate to sulfur in the wastewater and sludge treatment streams. A batch sulfate reduction rate test and microbial 16S rRNA and dsrB gene sequencing analyses were applied to assess the potential and activity of sulfate-reducing bacteria and their effect on sulfur deposition. This study indicated that the primary clarifier and anaerobic digester prominently reduced sulfate concentration through biochemical sulfate reduction and iron–sulfur complexation under anaerobic conditions, from 1247 mg/L in the influent to 6.2~59.8 mg/L in the industrial WWTP and from 46.7 mg/L to 0~0.8 mg/L in the domestic WWTPs. The anaerobic sludge, adapted in the high sulfate concentration of the industrial WWTP, exhibited a two times higher specific sulfate reduction rate (0.13 mg SO 4 2− /gVSS/h) and sulfur content (3.14% DS) than the domestic WWTP sludge. Gene sequencing analysis of the population structure of common microbes and sulfate-reducing bacteria indicated the diversity of microorganisms involved in biochemical sulfate reduction in the sulfur cycle, supporting the data revealed by chemical analysis and batch tests.

Suggested Citation

  • Que Nguyen Ho & Giridhar Babu Anam & Jaein Kim & Somin Park & Tae-U Lee & Jae-Young Jeon & Yun-Young Choi & Young-Ho Ahn & Byung Joon Lee, 2022. "Fate of Sulfate in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants and Its Effect on Sludge Recycling as a Fuel Source," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(1), pages 1-14, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2022:i:1:p:311-:d:1014328
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Dinko Đurđević & Paolo Blecich & Željko Jurić, 2019. "Energy Recovery from Sewage Sludge: The Case Study of Croatia," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(10), pages 1-19, May.
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