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A Life Cycle Assessment of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers for Coffee Production to Evaluate Sustainability toward the Energy–Environment–Economic Nexus in Indonesia

Author

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  • Devi Maulida Rahmah

    (Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
    Faculty of Agricultural Industrial Technology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia)

  • Agusta Samodra Putra

    (Research Center for Sustainable Production System and Life Cycle Assessment, National Research and Innovation Agency, South Tangerang 15341, Indonesia
    Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan)

  • Riaru Ishizaki

    (Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan)

  • Ryozo Noguchi

    (Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
    Laboratory of Agricultural Systems Engineering, Division of Environmental Science and Technology, Faculty/Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan)

  • Tofael Ahamed

    (Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan)

Abstract

Coffee is an important agricultural commodity that is branded according to its environmental criteria in the global market. Therefore, Indonesia’s coffee production system needs to be investigated to meet the demand for eco-labeling, which has become a consumer preference. This study aims to assess the comprehensive sustainability evaluation of coffee production nurtured by an organic fertilizing system ( OFS ), chemical-organic fertilizing system ( COFS ), and chemical fertilizing system ( CFS ) that focuses on the energy–environment–economic nexus. A life cycle assessment (LCA), life cycle cost analysis (LCC), and energy analysis were performed as methods to evaluate the environmental impact, economic performance, and energy requirement analysis. The results indicated that the OFS had superior performance in two sustainability aspects: resulting in the lowest environmental damage and generating the highest economic benefit. Simultaneously, COFS shows the highest sustainability performance as it consumes the least energy. In contrast, CFS indicated the lowest sustainability performance in all aspects: highest environmental impact, lowest economic benefit, and highest energy consumption. Therefore, OFS is strongly recommended to be applied broadly, considering its environmental and economic superiority. Consequently, massive OFS application was followed by higher energy consumption. Alternatively, COFS can be considered for application due to its higher energy performance, even though it can potentially result in higher environmental damage and lower economic benefit. However, the government should explicitly provide some effort for the broad application of OFS in financial and assistance support since the shifting process needs more time to adapt.

Suggested Citation

  • Devi Maulida Rahmah & Agusta Samodra Putra & Riaru Ishizaki & Ryozo Noguchi & Tofael Ahamed, 2022. "A Life Cycle Assessment of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers for Coffee Production to Evaluate Sustainability toward the Energy–Environment–Economic Nexus in Indonesia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-28, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:7:p:3912-:d:779948
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. Reza Ariesca & Andi Adriana We Tenri Sau & Wahyu Catur Adinugroho & Arief Ameir Rahman Setiawan & Tofael Ahamed & Ryozo Noguchi, 2023. "Land Swap Option for Sustainable Production of Oil Palm Plantations in Kalimantan, Indonesia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-18, January.
    2. Devi Maulida Rahmah & Dwi Purnomo & Fitry Filianty & Irfan Ardiansah & Rahmat Pramulya & Ryozo Noguchi, 2023. "Social Life Cycle Assessment of a Coffee Production Management System in a Rural Area: A Regional Evaluation of the Coffee Industry in West Java, Indonesia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-21, September.

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