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Resource Availability and Implications for the Development of Plug-In Electric Vehicles

Author

Listed:
  • Ona Egbue

    (Department of Informatics and Engineering Systems, University of South Carolina Upstate, Spartanburg, SC 29303, USA)

  • Suzanna Long

    (Department of Engineering Management and Systems Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA)

  • Seong Dae Kim

    (Department of Engineering Management & Technology, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN 37403, USA)

Abstract

Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) have immense potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on fossil fuels, and for smart grid applications. Although a great deal of research is focused on technological limitations that affect PEV battery performance targets, a major and arguably equal concern is the constraint imposed by the finite availability of elements or resources used in the manufacture of PEV batteries. Availability of resources, such as lithium, for batteries is critical to the future of PEVs and is, therefore, a topic that needs attention. This study addresses the issues related to lithium availability and sustainability, particularly supply and demand related to PEVs and the impact on future PEV growth. In this paper, a detailed review of the research on lithium availability for PEV batteries is presented, key challenges are pinpointed and future impacts on PEV technology are outlined.

Suggested Citation

  • Ona Egbue & Suzanna Long & Seong Dae Kim, 2022. "Resource Availability and Implications for the Development of Plug-In Electric Vehicles," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(3), pages 1-17, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:3:p:1665-:d:739540
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Florian Straub & Otto Maier & Dietmar Göhlich, 2021. "Car-Access Attractiveness of Urban Districts Regarding Shopping and Working Trips for Usage in E-Mobility Traffic Simulations," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(20), pages 1-29, October.
    2. QUIJANO, Gabriela, 2020. "Lithium Might Hold the Key to our Clean Energy Future, but Will this Star Metal Fully Deliver on its Green Potential?," Business and Human Rights Journal, Cambridge University Press, vol. 5(2), pages 276-281, July.
    3. Theo Lieven & Beatrice Hügler, 2021. "Did Electric Vehicle Sales Skyrocket Due to Increased Environmental Awareness While Total Vehicle Sales Declined during COVID-19?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(24), pages 1-19, December.
    4. Raymond Kene & Thomas Olwal & Barend J. van Wyk, 2021. "Sustainable Electric Vehicle Transportation," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-16, November.
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    Cited by:

    1. Surajet Khonjun & Rapeepan Pitakaso & Kanchana Sethanan & Natthapong Nanthasamroeng & Kiatisak Pranet & Chutchai Kaewta & Ponglert Sangkaphet, 2022. "Differential Evolution Algorithm for Optimizing the Energy Usage of Vertical Transportation in an Elevator (VTE), Taking into Consideration Rush Hour Management and COVID-19 Prevention," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-19, February.

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