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Spatial Variation and Terrain Gradient Effect of Ecosystem Services in Heihe River Basin over the Past 20 Years

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  • Lingge Zhang

    (School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China)

  • Ningke Hu

    (School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China)

Abstract

With the advent of large-scale development, extreme imbalance in the ecology of the Heihe River Basin (HRB) has caused a series of ecological problems. In order to explore the spatiotemporal variation of ecosystem services (ESs) and to assess the characteristics of ESs under the terrain gradient effect (TGE), the three key ESs were quantified based on the InVEST model using five series of land-use data obtained from remote sensing images from 2000 to 2020 in this study. The terrain index was used to analyze the influence of terrain on ESs. The results show that most of the ESs were in high numbers in the south and low numbers in the north, as well as high numbers in the middle and upper reaches and low numbers at downstream locations. It was found that high-quality habitats degrade to general-quality habitats, and poor-quality habitats evolve into general-quality habitats. It was also found that the water production volume continues to decline and soil conservation becomes relatively stable with little change. This study illustrates different ESs showing obvious TGE with changes in elevation and slope. These results indicate that the effect of land-use change is remarkable and TGE is highly important to ESs in inland watersheds. This research study can provide a scientific basis for the optimization of regional ecosystem patterns. The results are of great significance in terms of rational planning land use, constructing ecological civilizations, and maintaining the physical conditions of land cover at inland river basins.

Suggested Citation

  • Lingge Zhang & Ningke Hu, 2021. "Spatial Variation and Terrain Gradient Effect of Ecosystem Services in Heihe River Basin over the Past 20 Years," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(20), pages 1-26, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:20:p:11271-:d:654934
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Qiaoqiao Gong & Piling Sun & Qingguo Liu & Junxiong Mo, 2022. "Topographical Gradient Characteristics of Land-Use Changes in the Agro-Pastoral Ecotone of Northern China," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(12), pages 1-19, December.
    2. Kikuko Shoyama & Rajarshi Dasgupta & Ronald C. Estoque, 2022. "Ecosystem Service and Land-Use Changes in Asia: Implications for Regional Sustainability," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-4, November.
    3. Hanwen Zhang & Yanqing Lang, 2022. "Quantifying and Analyzing the Responses of Habitat Quality to Land Use Change in Guangdong Province, China over the Past 40 Years," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(6), pages 1-23, May.
    4. He Huang & Yanzhi Xiao & Guochang Ding & Lingyun Liao & Chen Yan & Qunyue Liu & Yaling Gao & Xiangcai Xie, 2023. "Comprehensive Evaluation of Island Habitat Quality Based on the Invest Model and Terrain Diversity: A Case Study of Haitan Island, China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-17, July.

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