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Ironmaking and Steelmaking Slags as Sustainable Adsorbents for Industrial Effluents and Wastewater Treatment: A Critical Review of Properties, Performance, Challenges and Opportunities

Author

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  • James Manchisi

    (School of Chemical & Metallurgical Engineering, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
    School of Mines, University of Zambia, Lusaka 32379, Zambia)

  • Elias Matinde

    (School of Chemical & Metallurgical Engineering, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
    Pyrometallurgy Division, MINTEK, Praegville, Johannesburg 2125, South Africa)

  • Neil A. Rowson

    (School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK)

  • Mark J. H. Simmons

    (School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK)

  • Geoffrey S. Simate

    (School of Chemical & Metallurgical Engineering, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa)

  • Sehliselo Ndlovu

    (School of Chemical & Metallurgical Engineering, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
    DST/NRF SARChI: Hydrometallurgy and Sustainable Development, School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa)

  • Brian Mwewa

    (School of Chemical & Metallurgical Engineering, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
    DST/NRF SARChI: Hydrometallurgy and Sustainable Development, School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa)

Abstract

This paper critically discusses the structure, properties and applications of ironmaking and steelmaking slags and their silicate-based variants as low-cost adsorbents for removing cations and anions from industrial effluents and wastewater. Undoubtedly, the performance of slag-based adsorbents depends on their physical, chemical and phase chemical properties. The presence of crystalline phases, for example, has a significant effect on the adsorption capacity. However, despite their low cost and ubiquity, their chemical and geometric heterogeneity significantly affects the performance and applications of slag-based adsorbents. These challenges notwithstanding, the efficacy of slag-based adsorbents can be significantly enhanced through purposeful activation to increase the specific surface area and density of adsorption sites on the surfaces of adsorbent particles. The synthesis of functionalised adsorbents such as geopolymers, zeolites and layered double hydroxides from silicate and aluminosilicate precursors can also significantly increase the performance of slag-based adsorbents. In addition, the ability to stabilise the dissolved and/or entrained toxic metal species in stable phases in slags, either through controlled post-process fluxing or crystallisation, can significantly enhance the environmental performance of slag-based adsorbents. Most critical in the design of future slag-based adsorbents is the integration of the engineered properties of molten and solidified slags to the recovery and stabilisation of dissolved and/or entrained metals.

Suggested Citation

  • James Manchisi & Elias Matinde & Neil A. Rowson & Mark J. H. Simmons & Geoffrey S. Simate & Sehliselo Ndlovu & Brian Mwewa, 2020. "Ironmaking and Steelmaking Slags as Sustainable Adsorbents for Industrial Effluents and Wastewater Treatment: A Critical Review of Properties, Performance, Challenges and Opportunities," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(5), pages 1-47, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:12:y:2020:i:5:p:2118-:d:330439
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Barati, M. & Esfahani, S. & Utigard, T.A., 2011. "Energy recovery from high temperature slags," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(9), pages 5440-5449.
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    Cited by:

    1. Maja Radziemska & Justyna Dzięcioł & Zygmunt M. Gusiatin & Agnieszka Bęś & Wojciech Sas & Andrzej Głuchowski & Beata Gawryszewska & Zbigniew Mazur & Martin Brtnicky, 2021. "Recycling of Blast Furnace and Coal Slags in Aided Phytostabilisation of Soils Highly Polluted with Heavy Metals," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(14), pages 1-11, July.
    2. Lei Yang & Yuegang Tang & Duanning Cao & Mingyuan Yang, 2023. "Remediation of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) Using Steel Slag: Mechanism of the Alkalinity Decayed Process," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(4), pages 1-15, February.

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