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Green City Concept and a Method to Measure Green City Performance over Time Applied to Fifty Cities Globally: Influence of GDP, Population Size and Energy Efficiency

Author

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  • Ogenis Brilhante

    (Institute for Housing and Urban Development Studies, (IHS), Erasmus University Rotterdam, (EUR), 3062 PA Rotterdam, The Netherlands)

  • Jannes Klaas

    (Institute for Housing and Urban Development Studies, (IHS) and Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, 3062 PA Rotterdam, The Netherlands)

Abstract

There are many concepts and methods trying to accommodate the growth of cities without impairing sustainability. However, most are too complex, cannot measure green performance over time and fail to deliver actionable advice to decision-makers. The Green City Concept (GCC) is one of the latest of these concepts. This paper introduces a Green City Conceptual Framework (IHS-GCCF) and a harmonized method to measure Global Green City Performance over time (GGCPI). The IHS-GCCF highlights the importance of energy as a steward of resource efficiency and green performance. IHS-GCCF and GGCPI can be used to measure green performance, to explain possible factors influencing the calculated green performances over time, set targets and track achievements. They are adaptable to individual city needs. By applying the method to fifty cities worldwide through desk research, the paper shows that a green city is also sustainable and liveable. It also shows that GDP influences Green City Performances positively, population size influences it negatively and sanitation and air quality sectors influence green city performance the most. The paper addresses a range of gaps in the green city field. It consolidates prior research into one actionable conceptual framework and method.

Suggested Citation

  • Ogenis Brilhante & Jannes Klaas, 2018. "Green City Concept and a Method to Measure Green City Performance over Time Applied to Fifty Cities Globally: Influence of GDP, Population Size and Energy Efficiency," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(6), pages 1-23, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:10:y:2018:i:6:p:2031-:d:152734
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Steffen Lehmann & Clas-Otto Lehmann, 2011. "What is Green Urbanism? Holistic Principles to Transform Cities for Sustainability," Chapters, in: Juan A. Blanco & Houshang Kheradmand (ed.), Climate Change - Research and Technology for Adaptation and Mitigation, IntechOpen.
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    2. Julianna Crippa & Maicon Gonçalves Silva & Nédio Duarte Ribeiro & Ricardo Ruschel, 2023. "Urban branding and circular economy: a bibliometric analysis," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 25(3), pages 2173-2200, March.
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    7. Cheng, Dong & Yuan, Yuxiang & Wu, Yong & Hao, Tiantian & Cheng, Faxin, 2022. "Maximum satisfaction consensus with budget constraints considering individual tolerance and compromise limit behaviors," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 297(1), pages 221-238.
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    11. Andreas Ch. Hadjichambis & Demetra Paraskeva-Hadjichambi & Eleni Sinakou & Anastasia Adamou & Yiannis Georgiou, 2022. "Green Cities for Environmental Citizenship: A Systematic Literature Review of Empirical Research from 31 Green Cities of the World," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-30, December.
    12. Alessio Muscillo & Simona Re & Sergio Gambacorta & Giuseppe Ferrara & Nicola Tagliafierro & Emiliano Borello & Alessandro Rubino & Angelo Facchini, 2021. "Circular City Index: An Open Data analysis to assess the urban circularity preparedness of cities to address the green transition -- A study on the Italian municipalities," Papers 2109.10832, arXiv.org.
    13. Saša Stjepanoviæ & Daniel Tomiæ & Marinko Škare, 2022. "A new database on Green GDP; 1970–2019: a framework for assessing the green economy," Oeconomia Copernicana, Institute of Economic Research, vol. 13(4), pages 949-975, December.
    14. Juan J. García-Machado & Minerva Martínez-Ávila, 2019. "Environmental Performance and Green Culture: The Mediating Effect of Green Innovation. An Application to the Automotive Industry," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(18), pages 1-18, September.
    15. Yelena Popova & Ilze Sproge, 2021. "Decision-Making within Smart City: Waste Sorting," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(19), pages 1-15, September.
    16. Biao Hu & Kai Yuan & Tingyun Niu & Liang Zhang & Yuqiong Guan, 2022. "Study on the Spatial and Temporal Evolution Patterns of Green Innovation Efficiency and Driving Factors in Three Major Urban Agglomerations in China—Based on the Perspective of Economic Geography," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(15), pages 1-28, July.
    17. Yohanes Boni & Wa Ode Rachmasari Ariani & Hasddin Hasddin, 2023. "Study of Environmental Economic Performance According to Energy Use and CO2 Emissions, Air Quality, and Government Policies to Achieve SDGs in Baubau City," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 13(6), pages 452-462, November.
    18. Zhanna Mingaleva & Natalia Vukovic & Irina Volkova & Tatiana Salimova, 2019. "Waste Management in Green and Smart Cities: A Case Study of Russia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(1), pages 1-17, December.
    19. Josef Navrátil & Petr Klusáček & Stanislav Martinát & Petr Dvořák, 2021. "Emergence of Centralized (Collective) and Decentralized (Individual) Environmentally Friendly Solutions during the Regeneration of a Residential Building in a Post-Socialist City," Land, MDPI, vol. 10(5), pages 1-21, May.

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