IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jlands/v10y2021i9p945-d631190.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Tourism Effect on the Spatiotemporal Pattern of Land Surface Temperature (LST): Babolsar and Fereydonkenar Cities (Cases Study in Iran)

Author

Listed:
  • Taher Safarrad

    (Geography and Urban Planning Department, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar P.O. Box 47415-416, Iran)

  • Mostafa Ghadami

    (Geography and Urban Planning Department, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar P.O. Box 47415-416, Iran
    Geography Department, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35390 Giessen, Germany)

  • Andreas Dittmann

    (Geography Department, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35390 Giessen, Germany)

  • Mousa Pazhuhan (Panahandeh Khah)

    (Independent Researcher, Tehran 1418733516, Iran)

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of tourism on Land Surface Temperature (LST), an issue which has rarely been considered in the tourism development literature. In this research, remote sensing techniques have been used to analyze the changes in the LST and spectral indices including the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) and Enhanced Built-Up and Bareness Index (EBBI). The data used were based on Landsat Collection 1 Surface Reflectance (SR) images taken in June and August. They were analyzed over 32 years in the years 1987, 1993, 1999, 2009, 2014 and 2019. The study area included the cities of Babolsar and Fereydonkenar and their suburbs in Mazandaran Province in the north of Iran and south of the Caspian Sea. First the tourism zones were separated from other land use zones and then the changes in land use and LST in each of the zones were studied for each year based on the trend of 32-year change. The results of Pearson correlation in the whole area for each main land use zone showed that there was a significant inverse relationship between the LST and the NDVI and MNDWI indices. This relationship was direct and significant for the EBBI index. Moreover, the results of one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey test showed that the LST changes in the tourism zones during the study period were significantly different from the other zones, so that the tourism zones always experienced lower LST. The findings also showed that, in the tourism zones, the values of the NDVI and MNDWI indices showed an increasing trend compared to the urban zone. Therefore, increasing the values of these indices due to the development of green space and its regular irrigation in tourism zones has led to a significant decrease in the LST. The applied results of this research in the urban planning and tourism literature indicate that any model of physical development such as urban development does not necessarily lead to an increase in the LST, and this is entirely dependent on the physical design strategies.

Suggested Citation

  • Taher Safarrad & Mostafa Ghadami & Andreas Dittmann & Mousa Pazhuhan (Panahandeh Khah), 2021. "Tourism Effect on the Spatiotemporal Pattern of Land Surface Temperature (LST): Babolsar and Fereydonkenar Cities (Cases Study in Iran)," Land, MDPI, vol. 10(9), pages 1-25, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jlands:v:10:y:2021:i:9:p:945-:d:631190
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/10/9/945/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/10/9/945/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Muhammad Tauhidur Rahman & Adel S. Aldosary & Md. Golam Mortoja, 2017. "Modeling Future Land Cover Changes and Their Effects on the Land Surface Temperatures in the Saudi Arabian Eastern Coastal City of Dammam," Land, MDPI, vol. 6(2), pages 1-16, May.
    2. Avner, Paolo & Rentschler, Jun & Hallegatte, Stephane, 2014. "Carbon price efficiency : lock-in and path dependence in urban forms and transport infrastructure," Policy Research Working Paper Series 6941, The World Bank.
    3. Jean-Paul Ceron & Ghislain Dubois, 2006. "Tourism and Climate Change: Proposals for a Research Agenda," Post-Print hal-00488282, HAL.
    4. Manish Ramaiah & Ram Avtar & Md. Mustafizur Rahman, 2020. "Land Cover Influences on LST in Two Proposed Smart Cities of India: Comparative Analysis Using Spectral Indices," Land, MDPI, vol. 9(9), pages 1-21, August.
    5. Mostafa Ghadami & Andreas Dittmann & Taher Safarrad, 2020. "Lack of Spatial Approach in Urban Density Policies: The Case of the Master Plan of Tehran," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(18), pages 1-22, September.
    6. Peeters, Paul & Dubois, Ghislain, 2010. "Tourism travel under climate change mitigation constraints," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 18(3), pages 447-457.
    7. Filoteo Gomez-Martinez & Kirsten M. de Beurs & Jennifer Koch & Jeffrey Widener, 2021. "Multi-Temporal Land Surface Temperature and Vegetation Greenness in Urban Green Spaces of Puebla, Mexico," Land, MDPI, vol. 10(2), pages 1-25, February.
    8. Teodoro Semeraro & Aurelia Scarano & Riccardo Buccolieri & Angelo Santino & Eeva Aarrevaara, 2021. "Planning of Urban Green Spaces: An Ecological Perspective on Human Benefits," Land, MDPI, vol. 10(2), pages 1-26, January.
    9. Shenghui Zhou & Ke Wang & Shiqi Yang & Wenli Li & Yuxuan Zhang & Bin Zhang & Yiming Fu & Xiaoyan Liu & Yadi Run & Oliva Gabriel Chubwa & Guosong Zhao & Jinwei Dong & Yaoping Cui, 2020. "Warming Effort and Energy Budget Difference of Various Human Land Use Intensity: Case Study of Beijing, China," Land, MDPI, vol. 9(9), pages 1-15, August.
    10. Huawei Li & Guifang Wang & Guohang Tian & Sándor Jombach, 2020. "Mapping and Analyzing the Park Cooling Effect on Urban Heat Island in an Expanding City: A Case Study in Zhengzhou City, China," Land, MDPI, vol. 9(2), pages 1-17, February.
    11. Scott, Daniel & Hall, C. Michael & Gössling, Stefan, 2019. "Global tourism vulnerability to climate change," Annals of Tourism Research, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 49-61.
    12. Azad Rasul & Heiko Balzter & Claire Smith & John Remedios & Bashir Adamu & José A. Sobrino & Manat Srivanit & Qihao Weng, 2017. "A Review on Remote Sensing of Urban Heat and Cool Islands," Land, MDPI, vol. 6(2), pages 1-10, June.
    13. Jou-Man Huang & Heui-Yung Chang & Yu-Su Wang, 2020. "Spatiotemporal Changes in the Built Environment Characteristics and Urban Heat Island Effect in a Medium-Sized City, Chiayi City, Taiwan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(1), pages 1-16, January.
    14. Abdullah Addas & Ran Goldblatt & Steven Rubinyi, 2020. "Utilizing Remotely Sensed Observations to Estimate the Urban Heat Island Effect at a Local Scale: Case Study of a University Campus," Land, MDPI, vol. 9(6), pages 1-26, June.
    15. Dikman Maheng & Assela Pathirana & Chris Zevenbergen, 2021. "A Preliminary Study on the Impact of Landscape Pattern Changes Due to Urbanization: Case Study of Jakarta, Indonesia," Land, MDPI, vol. 10(2), pages 1-26, February.
    16. Eduilson Carneiro & Wilza Lopes & Giovana Espindola, 2021. "Linking Urban Sprawl and Surface Urban Heat Island in the Teresina–Timon Conurbation Area in Brazil," Land, MDPI, vol. 10(5), pages 1-16, May.
    17. Tingting Li & Yanfei Wang & Changquan Liu & Shuangshuang Tu, 2021. "Research on Identification of Multiple Cropping Index of Farmland and Regional Optimization Scheme in China Based on NDVI Data," Land, MDPI, vol. 10(8), pages 1-16, August.
    18. Duan, Shuangping & Luo, Zhiwen & Yang, Xinyan & Li, Yuguo, 2019. "The impact of building operations on urban heat/cool islands under urban densification: A comparison between naturally-ventilated and air-conditioned buildings," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 235(C), pages 129-138.
    19. Ran Goldblatt & Abdullah Addas & Daynan Crull & Ahmad Maghrabi & Gabriel Gene Levin & Steven Rubinyi, 2021. "Remotely Sensed Derived Land Surface Temperature (LST) as a Proxy for Air Temperature and Thermal Comfort at a Small Geographical Scale," Land, MDPI, vol. 10(4), pages 1-24, April.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. José Ruiz-Meza & Julio Brito & Jairo R. Montoya-Torres, 2021. "Multi-Objective Fuzzy Tourist Trip Design Problem with Heterogeneous Preferences and Sustainable Itineraries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(17), pages 1-22, August.
    2. Nana Guo & Xinbin Liang & Lingran Meng, 2022. "Evaluation of the Thermal Environmental Effects of Urban Ecological Networks—A Case Study of Xuzhou City, China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-24, June.
    3. Scott, Daniel & Gössling, Stefan, 2022. "A review of research into tourism and climate change - Launching the annals of tourism research curated collection on tourism and climate change," Annals of Tourism Research, Elsevier, vol. 95(C).
    4. Monika Kopecká & Harini Nagendra & Andrew Millington, 2018. "Urban Land Systems: An Ecosystems Perspective," Land, MDPI, vol. 7(1), pages 1-4, January.
    5. Abhik Chakraborty, 2021. "Can tourism contribute to environmentally sustainable development? Arguments from an ecological limits perspective," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 23(6), pages 8130-8146, June.
    6. Saranjam Baig & Amjad Ali Khan & Aftab Ahmed Khan, 2021. "A time series analysis of causality between tourist arrivals and climatic effects for nature-based tourism destinations: evidence from Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 23(4), pages 5035-5057, April.
    7. Ran Goldblatt & Abdullah Addas & Daynan Crull & Ahmad Maghrabi & Gabriel Gene Levin & Steven Rubinyi, 2021. "Remotely Sensed Derived Land Surface Temperature (LST) as a Proxy for Air Temperature and Thermal Comfort at a Small Geographical Scale," Land, MDPI, vol. 10(4), pages 1-24, April.
    8. Mohsin Ramzan & Zulfiqar Ahmad Saqib & Ejaz Hussain & Junaid Aziz Khan & Abid Nazir & Muhammad Yousif Sardar Dasti & Saqib Ali & Nabeel Khan Niazi, 2022. "Remote Sensing-Based Prediction of Temporal Changes in Land Surface Temperature and Land Use-Land Cover (LULC) in Urban Environments," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-19, September.
    9. Outi Rantala & Tarja Salmela & Anu Valtonen & Emily Höckert, 2020. "Envisioning Tourism and Proximity after the Anthropocene," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(10), pages 1-16, May.
    10. Patryk Antoszewski & Michał Krzyżaniak & Dariusz Świerk, 2022. "The Future of Climate-Resilient and Climate-Neutral City in the Temperate Climate Zone," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(7), pages 1-60, April.
    11. Saujot, Mathieu & Lefèvre, Benoit, 2016. "The next generation of urban MACCs. Reassessing the cost-effectiveness of urban mitigation options by integrating a systemic approach and social costs," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 92(C), pages 124-138.
    12. Abdullah Addas, 2023. "Understanding the Relationship between Urban Biophysical Composition and Land Surface Temperature in a Hot Desert Megacity (Saudi Arabia)," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(6), pages 1-16, March.
    13. Judith Schröder & Susanne Moebus & Julita Skodra, 2022. "Selected Research Issues of Urban Public Health," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(9), pages 1-28, May.
    14. Hall, C. Michael & Amelung, Bas & Cohen, Scott & Eijgelaar, Eke & Gössling, Stefan & Higham, James & Leemans, Rik & Peeters, Paul & Ram, Yael & Scott, Daniel & Aall, Carlo & Abegg, Bruno & Araña, Jorg, 2015. "No time for smokescreen skepticism: A rejoinder to Shani and Arad," Tourism Management, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 341-347.
    15. Zhang, Hong & Jin, Gui & Zhang, Zhengyu, 2021. "Coupling system of carbon emission and social economy: A review," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 167(C).
    16. Zamparini, L. & Domènech, A. & Miravet, D. & Gutiérrez, A., 2022. "Green mobility at home, green mobility at tourism destinations: A cross-country study of transport modal choices of educated young adults," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 103(C).
    17. Rafael Robina Ramírez & Manuel Pulido Fernández, 2018. "Religious Travellers’ Improved Attitude towards Nature," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(9), pages 1-23, August.
    18. Christel Vidaller & Anaïs Jouet & Carmen Van Mechelen & Tania De Almeida & Jérôme Cortet & Lucie Rivière & Grégory Mahy & Martin Hermy & Thierry Dutoit, 2023. "Coexistence and Succession of Spontaneous and Planted Vegetation on Extensive Mediterranean Green Roofs: Impacts on Soil, Seed Banks, and Mesofauna," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-19, September.
    19. Ningcheng Gao & Hui Zhang & Pei Wang & Ling Ning & Nyuk Hien Wong & Haibo Yu & Zikang Ke, 2023. "Research on Microclimate-Suitable Spatial Patterns of Waterfront Settlements in Summer: A Case Study of the Nan Lake Area in Wuhan, China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(22), pages 1-26, November.
    20. Dorijan Radočaj & Jasmina Obhođaš & Mladen Jurišić & Mateo Gašparović, 2020. "Global Open Data Remote Sensing Satellite Missions for Land Monitoring and Conservation: A Review," Land, MDPI, vol. 9(11), pages 1-24, October.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jlands:v:10:y:2021:i:9:p:945-:d:631190. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.