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Global Human Threat: The Potential Synergism between Mercury Intoxication and COVID-19

Author

Listed:
  • Gabriela de Paula Arrifano

    (Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil)

  • Marcus Augusto-Oliveira

    (Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil)

  • Amanda Lopes-Araújo

    (Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil)

  • Letícia Santos-Sacramento

    (Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil)

  • Barbarella Matos Macchi

    (Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil)

  • José Luiz Martins do Nascimento

    (Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil)

  • Maria Elena Crespo-Lopez

    (Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil)

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic affected billions of people worldwide, and exposure to toxic metals has emerged as an important risk factor for COVID-19 severity. Mercury is currently ranked as the third toxic substance of global concern for human health, and its emissions to the atmosphere have increased globally. Both COVID-19 and mercury exposure present a high prevalence in similar regions: East and Southeast Asia, South America and Sub-Saharan Africa. Since both factors represent a multiorgan threat, a possible synergism could be exacerbating health injuries. Here, we discuss key aspects in mercury intoxication and SARS-CoV-2 infection, describing the similarities shared in clinical manifestations (especially neurological and cardiovascular outcomes), molecular mechanisms (with a hypothesis in the renin-angiotensin system) and genetic susceptibility (mainly by apolipoprotein E, paraoxonase 1 and glutathione family genes). Literature gaps on epidemiological data are also highlighted, considering the coincident prevalence. Furthermore, based on the most recent evidence, we justify and propose a case study of the vulnerable populations of the Brazilian Amazon. An understanding of the possible adverse synergism between these two factors is crucial and urgent for developing future strategies for reducing disparities between developed and underdeveloped/developing countries and the proper management of their vulnerable populations, particularly considering the long-term sequelae of COVID-19.

Suggested Citation

  • Gabriela de Paula Arrifano & Marcus Augusto-Oliveira & Amanda Lopes-Araújo & Letícia Santos-Sacramento & Barbarella Matos Macchi & José Luiz Martins do Nascimento & Maria Elena Crespo-Lopez, 2023. "Global Human Threat: The Potential Synergism between Mercury Intoxication and COVID-19," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(5), pages 1-13, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:5:p:4207-:d:1081515
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Giuseppe Genchi & Maria Stefania Sinicropi & Alessia Carocci & Graziantonio Lauria & Alessia Catalano, 2017. "Mercury Exposure and Heart Diseases," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(1), pages 1-13, January.
    2. Hilson, Gavin & Van Bockstael, Steven & Sauerwein, Titus & Hilson, Abigail & McQuilken, James, 2021. "Artisanal and small-scale mining, and COVID-19 in sub-Saharan Africa: A preliminary analysis," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 139(C).
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