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Readiness and Challenges of E-Learning during the COVID-19 Pandemic Era: A Space Analysis in Peninsular Malaysia

Author

Listed:
  • Adi Jafar

    (Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia)

  • Ramli Dollah

    (Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia)

  • Prabhat Mittal

    (Department of Commerce & Management, Satyawati College (Eve), University of Delhi, New Delhi 110052, India)

  • Asmady Idris

    (Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia)

  • Jong Eop Kim

    (Department of Copy Right Protection, Sangmyung University, 20, Hongimun 2-gil, Jongro-gu, Seoul 03016, Republic of Korea)

  • Mohd Syariefudin Abdullah

    (Faculty of Human Sciences, Sultan Idris Education University, Tanjong Malim 35900, Perak, Malaysia)

  • Eko Prayitno Joko

    (Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia)

  • Dayangku Norasyikin Awang Tejuddin

    (Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan 94300, Sarawak, Malaysia)

  • Nordin Sakke

    (Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia)

  • Noor Syakirah Zakaria

    (Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia)

  • Mohammad Tahir Mapa

    (Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia)

  • Chong Vun Hung

    (Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia)

Abstract

During the COVID-19 era, most countries, including Malaysia, have shifted from face-to-face teaching systems to online teaching programs. The aim of this study is to identify the main challenges that higher education students face during e-learning based on their residential location throughout Peninsular Malaysia. This study further examines the readiness of higher education students to apply e-learning. Therefore, a cross-sectional survey approach is used to fulfil the outlined objectives. Accordingly, 761 public (95.3%) and private (4.7%) higher education students residing in Peninsular Malaysia are sampled in this study. The survey was administered online for 37 days, from 21 October 21 to 6 December 2021, using either WhatsApp or Facebook. The raw data is inferentially (Principal Component Analysis, K-Means Clustering, Kruskal Wallis, and spatial analysis) and descriptively (mean, standard deviation & percentage) analyzed. It has been revealed that six clusters of students in Peninsular Malaysia face various challenges while following the e-learning program. Most states in Peninsular Malaysia are dominated by students in Cluster D (Terengganu, Perlis, Penang, Selangor, WP Kuala Lumpur, and WP Putrajaya) and Cluster B categories (Melaka, Johor, Kelantan, and Kedah). Students in the Cluster D category tend to suffer from physical health disorders and social isolation, while students in the Cluster B category face problems with decreased focus in learning, mental health disorders, and social isolation. The outcomes further indicate that the more challenges students face during e-learning programs, the lower their willingness to continue with the program. The results of this study are significant in addressing the challenges of e-learning, which will help stakeholders address and strengthen student abilities.

Suggested Citation

  • Adi Jafar & Ramli Dollah & Prabhat Mittal & Asmady Idris & Jong Eop Kim & Mohd Syariefudin Abdullah & Eko Prayitno Joko & Dayangku Norasyikin Awang Tejuddin & Nordin Sakke & Noor Syakirah Zakaria & Mo, 2023. "Readiness and Challenges of E-Learning during the COVID-19 Pandemic Era: A Space Analysis in Peninsular Malaysia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(2), pages 1-15, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:2:p:905-:d:1024566
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Diana Peters & Marja Azlima Omar & Ramli Dollah & Wan Shawaluddin Wan Hassan, 2022. "Undocumented Workers during Malaysia’s Movement Control Order (MCO)," Migration Letters, Migration Letters, vol. 19(2), pages 107-121, March.
    2. Adi Jafar & Ramli Dollah & Ramzah Dambul & Prabhat Mittal & Syahruddin Awang Ahmad & Nordin Sakke & Mohammad Tahir Mapa & Eko Prayitno Joko & Oliver Valentine Eboy & Lindah Roziani Jamru & Andika Ab. , 2022. "Virtual Learning during COVID-19: Exploring Challenges and Identifying Highly Vulnerable Groups Based on Location," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(17), pages 1-16, September.
    3. Niño-Zarazúa, Miguel, 2012. "Quantitative analysis in social sciences: An brief introduction for non-economists," MPRA Paper 39216, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    4. Dahlan Abdullah & S. Susilo & Ansari Saleh Ahmar & R. Rusli & Rahmat Hidayat, 2022. "The application of K-means clustering for province clustering in Indonesia of the risk of the COVID-19 pandemic based on COVID-19 data," Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, Springer, vol. 56(3), pages 1283-1291, June.
    5. Rudy de Barros Ahrens & Luciana da Silva Lirani & Antonio Carlos de Francisco, 2020. "Construct Validity and Reliability of the Work Environment Assessment Instrument WE-10," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(20), pages 1-12, October.
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