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Early Childhood between a Rock and a Hard Place: Early Childhood Education and Students’ Disruption in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan

Author

Listed:
  • Jan Alam

    (Research Institute of Education Science, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China)

  • Muhammad Azeem Ashraf

    (Research Institute of Education Science, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China)

  • Samson Maekele Tsegay

    (School of Education and Social Care, Anglia Ruskin University, Young Street, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK)

  • Nadia Shabnam

    (Department of Health Profession Education, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan)

Abstract

Looking through the lens of ecological system theory, this paper used a mixed-method approach, based on 20 interviews and 208 Early Childhood Education (ECE) teacher questionnaires, to elaborate the position of ECE in Pakistan. The study indicates that ECE is between a rock and a hard place in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The findings further show that ECE is provided by less qualified and inexperienced teachers, who give less attention to the physical and psychological needs of the students. The classrooms are overcrowded and lack relevant teaching–learning materials. Moreover, the single-teacher policy and overcrowded classrooms hinder students’ motivation, the delivery of quality education and the development of good behaviors. These challenges are also the main causes of students’ dropouts. This paper increases people’s understanding of ECE and its challenges in Pakistan. For ECE development, the paper recommends separating ECE from primary schools and giving it a budget to purchase adequate and relevant resources.

Suggested Citation

  • Jan Alam & Muhammad Azeem Ashraf & Samson Maekele Tsegay & Nadia Shabnam, 2022. "Early Childhood between a Rock and a Hard Place: Early Childhood Education and Students’ Disruption in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(8), pages 1-17, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:8:p:4486-:d:789376
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. M. A Qureshi & Riaz Ahmad Shirazi & Mohammad Pervez Wasim, 2007. "Perspective and Prospects of Commencing New Education Policy (NEP) of Pakistan: A Review of Conference," Indus Journal of Management & Social Science (IJMSS), Department of Business Administration, vol. 1(2), pages 167-176, December.
    2. Ghulam Rasool Memon, 2007. "Education In Pakistan: The Key Issues, Problems And The New Challenges," IBT Journal of Business Studies (JBS), Ilma University, Faculty of Management Science, vol. 3(1), pages 3-5.
    3. Joseph F. Hair & G. Tomas M. Hult & Christian M. Ringle & Marko Sarstedt & Kai Oliver Thiele, 2017. "Mirror, mirror on the wall: a comparative evaluation of composite-based structural equation modeling methods," Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Springer, vol. 45(5), pages 616-632, September.
    4. Ghulam Rasool Memon, 2007. "Education In Pakistan: The Key Issues, Problems And The New Challenges," IBT Journal of Business Studies (JBS), Ilma University, Faculty of Management Science, vol. 3(1), pages 47-55.
    5. Muhammad Azeem Ashraf & Samson Maekele Tsegay & Yang Meijia, 2021. "Blended Learning for Diverse Classrooms: Qualitative Experimental Study With In-Service Teachers," SAGE Open, , vol. 11(3), pages 21582440211, July.
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