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Self-Assessment and Learning Motivation in the Second Victim Phenomenon

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  • Stefan Bushuven

    (Institute for Infection Control and Infection Prevention, Hegau-Jugendwerk Gailingen, Health Care Association District of Constance, 78262 Gailingen, Germany
    Institute for Medical Education, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
    Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany)

  • Milena Trifunovic-Koenig

    (Institute for Infection Control and Infection Prevention, Hegau-Jugendwerk Gailingen, Health Care Association District of Constance, 78262 Gailingen, Germany
    Training Center for Emergency Medicine (NOTIS e.V.), 78234 Engen, Germany)

  • Michael Bentele

    (Training Center for Emergency Medicine (NOTIS e.V.), 78234 Engen, Germany
    Institute for Anesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, Hegau-Bodensee Hospital Singen, 78224 Singen, Germany)

  • Stefanie Bentele

    (Training Center for Emergency Medicine (NOTIS e.V.), 78234 Engen, Germany
    Department of Emergency Medicine, University-Hospital Augsburg, University of Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany)

  • Reinhard Strametz

    (Wiesbaden Business School, Rhein Main University of Applied Sciences, 65183 Wiesbaden, Germany)

  • Victoria Klemm

    (Wiesbaden Business School, Rhein Main University of Applied Sciences, 65183 Wiesbaden, Germany)

  • Matthias Raspe

    (Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany)

Abstract

Introduction: The experience of a second victim phenomenon after an event plays a significant role in health care providers’ well-being. Untreated; it may lead to severe harm to victims and their families; other patients; hospitals; and society due to impairment or even loss of highly specialised employees. In order to manage the phenomenon, lifelong learning is inevitable but depends on learning motivation to attend training. This motivation may be impaired by overconfidence effects (e.g., over-placement and overestimation) that may suggest no demand for education. The aim of this study was to examine the interdependency of learning motivation and overconfidence concerning second victim effects. Methods: We assessed 176 physicians about overconfidence and learning motivation combined with a knowledge test. The nationwide online study took place in early 2022 and addressed about 3000 German physicians of internal medicine. Statistics included analytical and qualitative methods. Results: Of 176 participants, 83 completed the assessment. Analysis showed the presence of two overconfidence effects and in-group biases (clinical tribalism). None of the effects correlated directly with learning motivation, but cluster analysis revealed three different learning types: highly motivated, competent, and confident “experts”, motivated and overconfident “recruitables”, and unmotivated and overconfident “unawares”. Qualitative analysis revealed four main themes: “environmental factors”, “emotionality”, “violence and death”, and “missing qualifications” contributing to the phenomenon. Discussion: We confirmed the presence of overconfidence in second victim management competencies in about 3% of all persons addressed. Further, we could detect the same three learning motivation patterns compared to preceding studies on learning motivation in other medical competencies like life support and infection control. These findings considering overconfidence effects may be helpful for safety managers, medical teachers, curriculum developers and supervisors to create preventive educational curricula on second victim recognition and management.

Suggested Citation

  • Stefan Bushuven & Milena Trifunovic-Koenig & Michael Bentele & Stefanie Bentele & Reinhard Strametz & Victoria Klemm & Matthias Raspe, 2022. "Self-Assessment and Learning Motivation in the Second Victim Phenomenon," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(23), pages 1-19, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:23:p:16016-:d:989195
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Reinhard Strametz & Johannes C. Fendel & Peter Koch & Hannah Roesner & Max Zilezinski & Stefan Bushuven & Matthias Raspe, 2021. "Prevalence of Second Victims, Risk Factors, and Support Strategies among German Nurses (SeViD-II Survey)," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(20), pages 1-15, October.
    2. Milena Trifunovic-Koenig & Reinhard Strametz & Bianka Gerber & Sneha Mantri & Stefan Bushuven, 2022. "Validation of the German Version of the Moral Injury Symptom and Support Scale for Health Professionals (G-MISS-HP) and Its Correlation to the Second Victim Phenomenon," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(8), pages 1-19, April.
    3. Milena Trifunovic-Koenig & Stefan Bushuven & Bianka Gerber & Baerbel Otto & Markus Dettenkofer & Florian Salm & Martin R. Fischer, 2022. "Correlation between Overconfidence and Learning Motivation in Postgraduate Infection Prevention and Control Training," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(9), pages 1-20, May.
    4. David L B Schwappach & Katrin Gehring, 2014. "Silence That Can Be Dangerous: A Vignette Study to Assess Healthcare Professionals’ Likelihood of Speaking up about Safety Concerns," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 9(8), pages 1-8, August.
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    Cited by:

    1. Hartwig Marung & Reinhard Strametz & Hannah Roesner & Florian Reifferscheid & Rainer Petzina & Victoria Klemm & Milena Trifunovic-Koenig & Stefan Bushuven, 2023. "Second Victims among German Emergency Medical Services Physicians (SeViD-III-Study)," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(5), pages 1-11, February.

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