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Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Risk Perceptions and Motivations for COVID-19 Preventive Measures Based on EPPM—A Polish Qualitative Pilot Study

Author

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  • Katarzyna Domosławska-Żylińska

    (Department of Education and Communication in Public Health, National Institute of Public Health NIH—National Research Institute, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland)

  • Magdalena Krysińska-Pisarek

    (Department of Education and Communication in Public Health, National Institute of Public Health NIH—National Research Institute, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland)

  • Katarzyna Czabanowska

    (Department of International Health, Care and Public Health Research Institute CAPHRI, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Duboisdomain 30, 6229 GT Maastricht, The Netherlands
    Department of Health Policy Management, Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University, 31-066 Krakow, Poland)

  • Giulia Sesa

    (Department of International Health, Care and Public Health Research Institute CAPHRI, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Duboisdomain 30, 6229 GT Maastricht, The Netherlands)

Abstract

COVID-19 has been a “major interrupting event” during which individuals largely relied on intuitive risk perceptions as precursors of COVID-19 health behaviors. Given the strong correlation between risk perceptions and the adoption of preventive measures, this pilot study attempts to explore how Polish society perceives COVID-19 health risks from the point of view of vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals. The Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM) constitutes the basis for this research. Two focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted, one with participants who had received COVID-19 vaccinations and the other with participants who had not. Conventional and directed content analyses were used to examine the data from the FGDs. Five categories emerged from the data: COVID-19 risk perceptions, coping with the pandemic, sources of knowledge, distrust, and pandemic fatigue. All categories fit into the theoretical constructs of the EPPM. Both groups have a high-perceived vulnerability to COVID-19 infection and recognize its seriousness. Individuals also have a high perceived response self-efficacy, given their awareness of COVID-19 preventive measures and how these should be applied. Nonetheless, particularly the unvaccinated, are skeptical about the effectiveness of the implemented measures, showing low perceived response efficacy. Future communication strategies should target the effectiveness of COVID-19 preventive measures, and one’s perceived response efficacy, to improve adherence to public health measures.

Suggested Citation

  • Katarzyna Domosławska-Żylińska & Magdalena Krysińska-Pisarek & Katarzyna Czabanowska & Giulia Sesa, 2022. "Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Risk Perceptions and Motivations for COVID-19 Preventive Measures Based on EPPM—A Polish Qualitative Pilot Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(20), pages 1-12, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:20:p:13473-:d:945833
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Sabrina Cipolletta & Gabriela Rios Andreghetti & Giovanna Mioni, 2022. "Risk Perception towards COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Qualitative Synthesis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(8), pages 1-25, April.
    2. Liliana Cori & Fabrizio Bianchi & Ennio Cadum & Carmen Anthonj, 2020. "Risk Perception and COVID-19," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(9), pages 1-6, April.
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    1. Leah Roberts & Michael J. Deml & Katie Attwell, 2023. "‘COVID Is Coming, and I’m Bloody Scared’: How Adults with Co-Morbidities’ Threat Perceptions of COVID-19 Shape Their Vaccination Decisions," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(4), pages 1-17, February.

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