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Self-Criticism in In-Work Poverty: The Mediating Role of Social Support in the Era of Flexibility

Author

Listed:
  • José Antonio Llosa

    (Department of Social Education, Padre Ossó Faculty, University of Oviedo, 33008 Oviedo, Spain)

  • Esteban Agulló-Tomás

    (Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, 33003 Oviedo, Spain)

  • Sara Menéndez-Espina

    (Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University Isabel I, 09003 Burgos, Spain)

  • María Luz Rivero-Díaz

    (Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, 33003 Oviedo, Spain)

  • Enrique Iglesias-Martínez

    (Department of Social Education, Padre Ossó Faculty, University of Oviedo, 33008 Oviedo, Spain)

Abstract

In-work poverty reflects situations of income below the poverty threshold among employed people, involving a deterioration of wellbeing. The International Labour Organization prioritises this situation, which in countries such as Spain, Germany or Italy reaches rates of 11.8%, 10.6% and 11.8%, respectively. Within a context of flexibility, the occupational situation tends to be understood as an individual responsibility, which is why this study analyses the increase in self-criticism in these situations, and the role of social support in this relationship. The mediation of social support in the manifestation of self-criticism among people experiencing in-work poverty is analysed. The participants were 1430 employed people, grouped into those in a situation of poverty and those who are not. The results show that people in a situation of in-work poverty present a higher score in self-criticism and lower in social support. Social support is a mediating variable that prevents the manifestation of self-criticism. Lastly, a gender analysis shows that women experience this relationship more intensely. These findings enable a critical assessment of the activation policies that only take an individual approach. As an alternative, we propose strengthening interventions that foster social support, particularly among women.

Suggested Citation

  • José Antonio Llosa & Esteban Agulló-Tomás & Sara Menéndez-Espina & María Luz Rivero-Díaz & Enrique Iglesias-Martínez, 2022. "Self-Criticism in In-Work Poverty: The Mediating Role of Social Support in the Era of Flexibility," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(1), pages 1-16, January.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:1:p:609-:d:718510
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Filandri, Marianna & Pasqua, Silvia & Struffolino, Emanuela, 2020. "Being Working Poor or Feeling Working Poor? The Role of Work Intensity and Job Stability for Subjective Poverty," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 147(3), pages 781-803.
    2. Sherbourne, Cathy Donald & Stewart, Anita L., 1991. "The MOS social support survey," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 32(6), pages 705-714, January.
    3. Peter Skilling & Helen Tregidga, 2019. "Accounting for the “working poor”: analysing the living wage debate in Aotearoa New Zealand," Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 32(7), pages 2031-2061, September.
    4. Gangopadhyay, Partha & Shankar, Sriram & Rahman, Mustafa A., 2014. "Working poverty, social exclusion and destitution: An empirical study," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 37(C), pages 241-250.
    5. Asaf Levanon, 2018. "Labor Market Insiders or Outsiders? A Cross-National Examination of Redistributive Preferences of the Working Poor," Societies, MDPI, vol. 8(3), pages 1-15, August.
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    Cited by:

    1. Beatriz Oliveros & Esteban Agulló-Tomás & Luis-Javier Márquez-Álvarez, 2022. "Risk and Protective Factors of Mental Health Conditions: Impact of Employment, Deprivation and Social Relationships," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(11), pages 1-11, June.
    2. Remberto Castro-Castañeda & Esperanza Vargas-Jiménez & Sara Menéndez-Espina & Raúl Medina-Centeno, 2023. "Job Insecurity and Company Behavior: Influence of Fear of Job Loss on Individual and Work Environment Factors," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(4), pages 1-9, February.
    3. Enrique Iglesias Martínez & Pablo Yáñez Legaspi & Esteban Agulló-Tomás & José Antonio Llosa, 2023. "Psychosocial Risk in COVID Context: The Impact of Economic Factors and Labour Protection Policy (ERTEs) in Spain," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(3), pages 1-9, January.
    4. José Antonio Llosa & Esteban Agulló-Tomás, 2022. "Technodiscipline of Work: Does Post-Pandemic Platform Employment Generate New Psychosocial Risks?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(14), pages 1-6, July.

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