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The Role of Resilience, Happiness, and Social Support in the Psychological Function during the Late Stages of the Lockdown in Individuals with and without Chronic Pain

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  • Jordi Miró

    (Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Unit for the Study and Treatment of Pain—ALGOS, Research Center for Behavior Assessment (CRAMC), Department of Psychology, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
    Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain)

  • Elisabet Sánchez-Rodríguez

    (Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Unit for the Study and Treatment of Pain—ALGOS, Research Center for Behavior Assessment (CRAMC), Department of Psychology, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
    Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain)

  • M. Carme Nolla

    (Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Unit for the Study and Treatment of Pain—ALGOS, Research Center for Behavior Assessment (CRAMC), Department of Psychology, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
    Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
    Xarxa Social i Sanitària de Santa Tecla, 43003 Tarragona, Spain)

  • Rui M. Costa

    (William James Center for Research, Ispa—Instituto Universitário, 1149-041 Lisbon, Portugal)

  • J. Pais-Ribeiro

    (William James Center for Research, Ispa—Instituto Universitário, 1149-041 Lisbon, Portugal)

  • Alexandra Ferreira-Valente

    (William James Center for Research, Ispa—Instituto Universitário, 1149-041 Lisbon, Portugal
    Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA)

Abstract

There is mounting evidence to suggest that individuals with chronic pain adjusted poorly to and were impacted negatively by social distancing measures during the lockdown. However, there is limited data on the factors that might protect against the negative effects associated with social distancing measures, as most research has been conducted in the general population and in the initial stages of the lockdown. The aim of this study was to improve the understanding of the role that resilience, happiness, and social support, all factors that are thought to have a protective role, played in the psychological function (measured as anxiety, depression, and stress) to the social distancing measures during the late stages of the lockdown in a sample of adults with and without chronic pain living in Spain. A group of 434 adults responded to an online survey and provided information on sociodemographic issues, which included measures of pain, perceived health and quality of life, depression, anxiety, stress, resilience, happiness, and social support. The data showed that individuals with chronic pain (N = 200; 46%) reported statistically significant worst psychological function, that is to say, they reported higher levels of anxiety, depression, and stress (all p s < 0.001). Resilience, social support, and happiness proved to be significant predictors of anxiety, depression, and stress, after controlling for the effects of age, gender, and chronic pain. Although the effect sizes were small to medium, they are consistent with the findings of other studies. The findings from this study provide important additional new information regarding the associations between resilience, happiness, and social support and the adjustment to the social distancing measures during the late stages of the lockdown. These findings can be used to develop programs to improve adjustment to and coping with the demands of social distancing measures.

Suggested Citation

  • Jordi Miró & Elisabet Sánchez-Rodríguez & M. Carme Nolla & Rui M. Costa & J. Pais-Ribeiro & Alexandra Ferreira-Valente, 2022. "The Role of Resilience, Happiness, and Social Support in the Psychological Function during the Late Stages of the Lockdown in Individuals with and without Chronic Pain," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(11), pages 1-10, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:11:p:6708-:d:828575
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Elisabet Sánchez-Rodríguez & Alexandra Ferreira-Valente & Filipa Pimenta & Antonella Ciaramella & Jordi Miró, 2022. "Mental, Physical and Socio-Economic Status of Adults Living in Spain during the Late Stages of the State of Emergency Caused by COVID-19," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(2), pages 1-14, January.
    2. José Pais-Ribeiro & Alexandra Ferreira-Valente & Margarida Jarego & Elisabet Sánchez-Rodríguez & Jordi Miró, 2022. "COVID-19 Pandemic in Portugal: Psychosocial and Health-Related Factors Associated with Psychological Discomfort," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(6), pages 1-13, March.
    3. Sandy Laham & Leticia Bertuzzi & Séverine Deguen & Irwin Hecker & Maria Melchior & Martina Patanè & Irene Pinucci & Marit Sijbrandij & Judith van der Waerden, 2021. "Impact of Longitudinal Social Support and Loneliness Trajectories on Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in France," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(23), pages 1-15, December.
    4. Sarita Silveira & Martin Hecht & Hannah Matthaeus & Mazda Adli & Manuel C. Voelkle & Tania Singer, 2022. "Coping with the COVID-19 Pandemic: Perceived Changes in Psychological Vulnerability, Resilience and Social Cohesion before, during and after Lockdown," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(6), pages 1-30, March.
    5. Mohan Zhang & Yunpeng Wu & Chengjun Ji & Jianfen Wu, 2022. "The Role of Perceived Social Support and Stress in the Relationship between Hope and Depression among Chinese Shadow Education Tutors: A Serial Mediation Model," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(6), pages 1-14, March.
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