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Predictors of Positive and Negative Emotions Experienced by Poles during the Second Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Author

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  • Estera Twardowska-Staszek

    (Institute of Educational Sciences, Jesuit University Ignatianum in Krakow, 31-501 Cracow, Poland)

  • Irmina Rostek

    (Institute of Educational Sciences, Jesuit University Ignatianum in Krakow, 31-501 Cracow, Poland)

  • Krzysztof Biel

    (Institute of Educational Sciences, Jesuit University Ignatianum in Krakow, 31-501 Cracow, Poland)

  • Anna Seredyńska

    (Institute of Educational Sciences, Jesuit University Ignatianum in Krakow, 31-501 Cracow, Poland)

Abstract

The objective of the research was to specify the predictors of positive and negative emotions experienced by Poles during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. The researchers used the following standardized measurement tools: emotions (PANAS), mood (UMACL), satisfaction with life (SWLS), optimism (LOT-R), and coping with stress (CISS). They also used a questionnaire to collect sociodemographic information and data concerning COVID-19 infections. In total, 595 participants (80.50% women) aged 18–75 participated in the research. It was concluded that the predictors of positive emotions included a task-oriented coping style, level of satisfaction with life, being a man, hedonic tone in the description of mood, and being an employed student. The negative predictors of positive emotions included emotion-oriented coping and the level of energetic arousal in the description of mood. The predictors of negative emotions were tense arousal in the description of mood, emotion-oriented coping, being over 60 years of age, and changes in respondents’ standard of living. The negative predictors of negative emotions included living in a medium-sized town or in a village. The research conclusions encourage us to pay special attention to possible at-risk groups threatened with mental health disorders and to factors that protect people against negative psychological consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Suggested Citation

  • Estera Twardowska-Staszek & Irmina Rostek & Krzysztof Biel & Anna Seredyńska, 2021. "Predictors of Positive and Negative Emotions Experienced by Poles during the Second Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(22), pages 1-15, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:22:p:11993-:d:679622
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    1. Agata Chudzicka-Czupała & Soon-Kiat Chiang & Damian Grabowski & Marta Żywiołek-Szeja & Matthew Quek & Bartosz Pudełek & Kayla Teopiz & Roger Ho & Roger S. McIntyre, 2022. "Predictors of Psychological Distress across Three Time Periods during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(22), pages 1-16, November.

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