IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v18y2021i15p8212-d607372.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Unfixed Movement Route Model, Non-Overcrowding and Social Distancing Reduce the Spread of COVID-19 in Sporting Facilities

Author

Listed:
  • Bote Qi

    (Department of Sport and Exercise Science, College of Education, Zhejiang University, 886 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China)

  • Jingwang Tan

    (Department of Sport and Exercise Science, College of Education, Zhejiang University, 886 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China)

  • Qingwen Zhang

    (College of Physical Education and Training, Shanghai University of Sport, 399 Chang Hai Road, Shanghai 200438, China)

  • Meng Cao

    (Institute of Physical Education, Normal College, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nan Hai Road, Shenzhen 518061, China)

  • Xingxiong Wang

    (College of Management and Economics, Tianjin University, 92 Wei Jin Road, Tianjin 300072, China)

  • Yu Zou

    (Department of Sport and Exercise Science, College of Education, Zhejiang University, 886 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China)

Abstract

Localized outbreaks of COVID-19 have been reported in sporting facilities. This study used the Agent-based Modeling (ABM) method to analyze the transmission rate of COVID-19 in different sporting models, sporting spaces per capita, and situations of gathering, which contributes to understanding how COVID-19 transmits in sports facilities. The simulation results show that the transmission rate of COVID-19 was higher under the Fixed Movement Route (FMR) than under the Unfixed Movement Route (UMR) in 10 different sporting spaces per capita (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 m 2 ) ( p = 0.000). For both FMR and UMR, the larger the sporting space per capita, the lower the virus transmission rate. Additionally, when the sporting space per capita increases from 4 m 2 to 5 m 2 , the virus transmission rate decreases most significantly ( p = 0.000). In the FMR model with a per capita sporting space of 5 m 2 , minimizing gathering (no more than three people) could significantly slow down the transmission rate of the COVID-19 virus ( p < 0.05). This study concluded that: (1) The UMR model is suggested in training facilities or playing grounds; (2) The sporting space should be non-overcrowding, and it is recommended that the sporting space per capita in the sporting grounds should not be less than 5 m 2 ; (3) It is important to maintain safe social distancing and minimize gathering (no more than three people) when exercising.

Suggested Citation

  • Bote Qi & Jingwang Tan & Qingwen Zhang & Meng Cao & Xingxiong Wang & Yu Zou, 2021. "Unfixed Movement Route Model, Non-Overcrowding and Social Distancing Reduce the Spread of COVID-19 in Sporting Facilities," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(15), pages 1-9, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:15:p:8212-:d:607372
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/15/8212/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/15/8212/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Fei Qin & Yiqing Song & George P Nassis & Lina Zhao & Yanan Dong & Cuicui Zhao & Yiwei Feng & Jiexiu Zhao, 2020. "Physical Activity, Screen Time, and Emotional Well-Being during the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Outbreak in China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(14), pages 1-16, July.
    2. Xingjie Hao & Shanshan Cheng & Degang Wu & Tangchun Wu & Xihong Lin & Chaolong Wang, 2020. "Reconstruction of the full transmission dynamics of COVID-19 in Wuhan," Nature, Nature, vol. 584(7821), pages 420-424, August.
    3. Yunhwan Kim & Hohyung Ryu & Sunmi Lee, 2018. "Agent-Based Modeling for Super-Spreading Events: A Case Study of MERS-CoV Transmission Dynamics in the Republic of Korea," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-17, October.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Bong Gu Kang & Hee-Mun Park & Mi Jang & Kyung-Min Seo, 2021. "Hybrid Model-Based Simulation Analysis on the Effects of Social Distancing Policy of the COVID-19 Epidemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(21), pages 1-17, October.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Moritz Kersting & Andreas Bossert & Leif Sörensen & Benjamin Wacker & Jan Chr. Schlüter, 2021. "Predicting effectiveness of countermeasures during the COVID-19 outbreak in South Africa using agent-based simulation," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 8(1), pages 1-15, December.
    2. Boeing, Philipp & Wang, Yihan, 2021. "Decoding China's Covid-19 "virus exceptionalism": Community-based digital contact tracing in Wuhan," ZEW Discussion Papers 21-028, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research.
    3. Shuangshuang Xin & Xiujie Ma, 2023. "Mechanisms of Physical Exercise Effects on Anxiety in Older Adults during the COVID-19 Lockdown: An Analysis of the Mediating Role of Psychological Resilience and the Moderating Role of Media Exposure," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(4), pages 1-15, February.
    4. Lifeng Zhang & Roy E. Welsch & Zhi Cao, 2022. "The Transmission, Infection Prevention, and Control during the COVID-19 Pandemic in China: A Retrospective Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(5), pages 1-15, March.
    5. Zhiqiang Ren & Jianyi Tan & Baoying Huang & Jinqun Cheng & Yanhong Huang & Peng Xu & Xuanbi Fang & Hongjuan Li & Dongmei Zhang & Yanhui Gao, 2022. "Association between 24-Hour Movement Behaviors and Smartphone Addiction among Adolescents in Foshan City, Southern China: Compositional Data Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(16), pages 1-13, August.
    6. Chun-Chin Liao & Chien-Huei Hsu & Kuei-Pin Kuo & Yu-Jy Luo & Chun-Chieh Kao, 2023. "Ability of the Sport Education Model to Promote Healthy Lifestyles in University Students: A Randomized Controlled Trial," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(3), pages 1-11, January.
    7. Haleama Al Sabbah & Zainab Taha & Radwan Qasrawi & Enas A. Assaf & Leila Cheikh Ismail & Ayesha S. Al Dhaheri & Maha Hoteit & Ayoub Al-Jawaldeh & Reema Tayyem & Hiba Bawadi & Majid AlKhalaf & Khlood B, 2022. "The Impact of COVID-19 on Physical (In)Activity Behavior in 10 Arab Countries," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(17), pages 1-15, August.
    8. Keqiang Dong & Liao Guo, 2021. "Research on the Spatial Correlation and Spatial Lag of COVID-19 Infection Based on Spatial Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-16, October.
    9. Ashley Kuzmik & Yin Liu & Yendelela Cuffee & Lan Kong & Christopher N. Sciamanna & Liza S. Rovniak, 2022. "The Association between Gender and Physical Activity Was Partially Mediated by Social Network Size during COVID-19," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(5), pages 1-13, February.
    10. Jennie A. Petersen & Calli Naish & Dalia Ghoneim & Jason L. Cabaj & Patricia K. Doyle-Baker & Gavin R. McCormack, 2021. "Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour: A Qualitative Study in a Canadian City," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(9), pages 1-15, April.
    11. Jeffrey E. Harris, 2021. "Los Angeles County SARS-CoV-2 Epidemic: Critical Role of Multi-generational Intra-household Transmission," Journal of Bioeconomics, Springer, vol. 23(1), pages 55-83, April.
    12. Yunhwan Kim & Hohyung Ryu & Sunmi Lee, 2021. "Effectiveness of Intervention Strategies on MERS-CoV Transmission Dynamics in South Korea, 2015: Simulations on the Network Based on the Real-World Contact Data," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(7), pages 1-11, March.
    13. William E. Allen & Han Altae-Tran & James Briggs & Xin Jin & Glen McGee & Andy Shi & Rumya Raghavan & Mireille Kamariza & Nicole Nova & Albert Pereta & Chris Danford & Amine Kamel & Patrik Gothe & Evr, 2020. "Population-scale longitudinal mapping of COVID-19 symptoms, behaviour and testing," Nature Human Behaviour, Nature, vol. 4(9), pages 972-982, September.
    14. Kyunghwan Jung & Younglae Choi, 2023. "Factors Influencing Physical Activity and Exercise in Older Adults during COVID-19 in South Korea," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-20, May.
    15. Yuetao Liu & Zhiyuan Wang & Songhui You, 2021. "The Mediating Effect of Coping Style on Physical Activity and Negative Affect Caused by Public Health Emergencies: Evidence from Chinese College Students," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(22), pages 1-13, November.
    16. Sandra Haider & Lee Smith & Lovro Markovic & Felipe B. Schuch & Kabir P. Sadarangani & Guillermo Felipe Lopez Sanchez & Rubén Lopez-Bueno & Alejandro Gil-Salmerón & Anita Rieder & Mark A. Tully & Lena, 2021. "Associations between Physical Activity, Sitting Time, and Time Spent Outdoors with Mental Health during the First COVID-19 Lock Down in Austria," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(17), pages 1-12, August.
    17. Derek Huang & Huanyu Tao & Qilong Wu & Sheng-You Huang & Yi Xiao, 2021. "Modeling of the Long-Term Epidemic Dynamics of COVID-19 in the United States," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(14), pages 1-17, July.
    18. Anna Sojka & Mariusz Machniak & Waldemar Andrzejewski & Aureliusz Kosendiak & Agnieszka Chwałczyńska, 2022. "Changes in Physical Activity and the Occurrence of Specific Symptoms of “Long-COVID Syndrome” in Men Aged 18–25," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-13, January.
    19. Can Wang & Xianming Meng & Mahinda Siriwardana & Tien Pham, 2022. "The impact of COVID-19 on the Chinese tourism industry," Tourism Economics, , vol. 28(1), pages 131-152, February.
    20. Seoyun Choe & Hee-Sung Kim & Sunmi Lee, 2020. "Exploration of Superspreading Events in 2015 MERS-CoV Outbreak in Korea by Branching Process Models," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(17), pages 1-14, August.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:15:p:8212-:d:607372. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.