IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v18y2021i10p5272-d555344.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Willingness to Be Vaccinated against COVID-19 in Spain before the Start of Vaccination: A Cross-Sectional Study

Author

Listed:
  • Noelia Rodríguez-Blanco

    (Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Marina Baixa University Hospital, Av. Alcalde En Jaume Botella Mayor, 7, 03570 Villajoyosa, Spain
    Biomedical Sciences Department, Health Sciences Faculty, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University, CEU Universities, Plaza Reyes Católicos, 19, 03204 Elche, Spain)

  • Sergio Montero-Navarro

    (Physical Therapy Department, Health Sciences Faculty, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University, CEU Universities, Plaza Reyes Católicos, 19, 03204 Elche, Spain)

  • José M. Botella-Rico

    (Physical Therapy Department, Health Sciences Faculty, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University, CEU Universities, Plaza Reyes Católicos, 19, 03204 Elche, Spain)

  • Antonio J. Felipe-Gómez

    (Biomedical Sciences Department, Health Sciences Faculty, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University, CEU Universities, Plaza Reyes Católicos, 19, 03204 Elche, Spain)

  • Jesús Sánchez-Más

    (Biomedical Sciences Department, Health Sciences Faculty, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University, CEU Universities, Plaza Reyes Católicos, 19, 03204 Elche, Spain)

  • José Tuells

    (Department of Community Nursing, Preventive Medicine and Public Health and History of Science, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, 03690 Alicante, Spain)

Abstract

Vaccine hesitancy has increased in the past few years, influenced by the socio-cultural differences, political populism, or concerns related to the effectiveness and safety of some vaccines, resulting a feeling of distrust. This feeling can become a barrier against the achievement of the immunity necessary to stop the expansion of COVID-19. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acceptance of the vaccine against COVID-19 in Spain, as well as to identify the factors that have an influence on the concerns and attitudes of people against accepting the vaccine in the months prior to the start of vaccination on December 2020. An online questionnaire was created to obtain information about (1) sociodemographic characteristics; (2) concerns and sources of information about vaccines; and (3) attitudes about vaccination and state of health. A multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify the influencing factors. Of the 2501 participants, 1207 (48.3%) would accept the COVID-19 vaccine, 623 (24.9%) were hesitant, and 671 (26.8%) would reject it. The logistic regression showed that being male, older than 60, married, retired, with a high level of education, or with a leftist political inclination, could increase the probability of accepting the COVID-19 vaccine. Disinformation and the lack of political consensus were the main sources of distrust. The patients with hypertension, immunodepression, hypercholesterolemia, or respiratory disease, or were overweight, showed a greater acceptance to the vaccine, while those with cancer took the longest to accept it. A low acceptance of the vaccine against COVID-19 was observed among the Spanish population in the phase prior to its availability, and the main fears of the population were identified. It is necessary to offer correct and transparent information about these vaccines to reduce the concerns and increase the trust of the population, to thereby guarantee the success of the vaccination campaigns.

Suggested Citation

  • Noelia Rodríguez-Blanco & Sergio Montero-Navarro & José M. Botella-Rico & Antonio J. Felipe-Gómez & Jesús Sánchez-Más & José Tuells, 2021. "Willingness to Be Vaccinated against COVID-19 in Spain before the Start of Vaccination: A Cross-Sectional Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(10), pages 1-15, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:10:p:5272-:d:555344
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/10/5272/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/10/5272/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Christie Aschwanden, 2021. "Five reasons why COVID herd immunity is probably impossible," Nature, Nature, vol. 591(7851), pages 520-522, March.
    2. Jeff French & Sameer Deshpande & William Evans & Rafael Obregon, 2020. "Key Guidelines in Developing a Pre-Emptive COVID-19 Vaccination Uptake Promotion Strategy," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(16), pages 1-14, August.
    3. Yaqub, Ohid & Castle-Clarke, Sophie & Sevdalis, Nick & Chataway, Joanna, 2014. "Attitudes to vaccination: A critical review," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 1-11.
    4. Heikki Ervasti & Antti Kouvo & Takis Venetoklis, 2019. "Social and Institutional Trust in Times of Crisis: Greece, 2002–2011," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 141(3), pages 1207-1231, February.
    5. Noelia Rodríguez-Blanco & José Tuells & Rafael Vila-Candel & Andreu Nolasco, 2019. "Adherence and Concordance of Influenza and Pertussis Vaccination Coverage in Pregnant Women in Spain," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-12, February.
    6. Ward, Jeremy K., 2016. "Rethinking the antivaccine movement concept: A case study of public criticism of the swine flu vaccine’s safety in France," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 159(C), pages 48-57.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Jarosław Drobnik & Robert Susło & Piotr Pobrotyn & Ewa Fabich & Violetta Magiera & Dorota Diakowska & Izabella Uchmanowicz, 2021. "COVID-19 among Healthcare Workers in the University Clinical Hospital in Wroclaw, Poland," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(11), pages 1-13, May.
    2. Noelia Rodríguez-Blanco & Nancy Vicente-Alcalde & Laura Cubero-Plazas & Jesús Sánchez-Más & Emilia Montagud & Raul Moragues & Eva Gabaldón-Bravo & Jose Antonio Hurtado-Sanchez & José Tuells, 2022. "Acceptability of the Vaccine against COVID-19 in Spanish Health Sciences Students: A Cross-Sectional Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(19), pages 1-13, September.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Dorit Zimand-Sheiner & Ofrit Kol & Smadar Frydman & Shalom Levy, 2021. "To Be (Vaccinated) or Not to Be: The Effect of Media Exposure, Institutional Trust, and Incentives on Attitudes toward COVID-19 Vaccination," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(24), pages 1-14, December.
    2. Almudena Recio-Román & Manuel Recio-Menéndez & María Victoria Román-González, 2022. "Political Populism, Institutional Distrust and Vaccination Uptake: A Mediation Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(6), pages 1-13, March.
    3. Claudy, Marius C. & Vijayakumar, Suhas & Campbell, Norah, 2022. "Reckless spreader or blameless victim? How vaccination status affects responses to COVID-19 patients," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 305(C).
    4. Almudena Recio-Román & Manuel Recio-Menéndez & María Victoría Román-González, 2021. "Vaccine Hesitancy and Political Populism. An Invariant Cross-European Perspective," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(24), pages 1-20, December.
    5. Vanderslott, Samantha, 2019. "Exploring the meaning of pro-vaccine activism across two countries," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 222(C), pages 59-66.
    6. Philipp Wassler & Giacomo Del Chiappa & Thi Hong Hai Nguyen & Giancarlo Fedeli & Nigel L. Williams, 2022. "Increasing vaccination intention in pandemic times: a social marketing perspective," Italian Journal of Marketing, Springer, vol. 2022(1), pages 37-58, March.
    7. Joana Mendonça & Ana Patrícia Hilário, 2023. "Healthism vis-à-vis Vaccine Hesitancy: Insights from Parents Who Either Delay or Refuse Children’s Vaccination in Portugal," Societies, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-15, August.
    8. Suellen Hopfer & Emilia J. Fields & Magdalen Ramirez & Sorina Neang Long & Heather C. Huszti & Adrijana Gombosev & Bernadette Boden-Albala & Dara H. Sorkin & Dan M. Cooper, 2022. "Adolescent COVID-19 Vaccine Decision-Making among Parents in Southern California," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(7), pages 1-20, April.
    9. Thomas Hansen & Marcela Petrová Kafková & Ruth Katz & Ariela Lowenstein & Sigal Naim & George Pavlidis & Feliciano Villar & Kieran Walsh & Marja Aartsen, 2021. "Exclusion from Social Relations in Later Life: Micro- and Macro-Level Patterns and Correlations in a European Perspective," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(23), pages 1-16, November.
    10. repec:beo:swcetp:23-03 is not listed on IDEAS
    11. Theiss Bendixen, 2020. "How cultural evolution can inform the science of science communication—and vice versa," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 7(1), pages 1-10, December.
    12. Chung-Wei Kuo, 2021. "Can We Return to Our Normal Life When the Pandemic Is under Control? A Preliminary Study on the Influence of COVID-19 on the Tourism Characteristics of Taiwan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(17), pages 1-17, August.
    13. Rafael Vila-Candel & Anna Martín & Ramón Escuriet & Enrique Castro-Sánchez & Francisco Javier Soriano-Vidal, 2020. "Analysis of Caesarean Section Rates Using the Robson Classification System at a University Hospital in Spain," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(5), pages 1-12, February.
    14. Hao Gao & Qingting Zhao & Chuanlin Ning & Difan Guo & Jing Wu & Lina Li, 2021. "Does the COVID-19 Vaccine Still Work That “Most of the Confirmed Cases Had Been Vaccinated”? A Content Analysis of Vaccine Effectiveness Discussion on Sina Weibo during the Outbreak of COVID-19 in Nan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(1), pages 1-14, December.
    15. Torben E. Agergaard & Màiri E. Smith & Kristian H. Nielsen, 2020. "Vaccine Assemblages on Three HPV Vaccine-Critical Facebook Pages in Denmark from 2012 to 2019," Media and Communication, Cogitatio Press, vol. 8(2), pages 339-352.
    16. Vincenzo Carrieri & Raffele Lagravinese & Giuliano Resce, 2021. "Predicting vaccine hesitancy from area‐level indicators: A machine learning approach," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 30(12), pages 3248-3256, December.
    17. Kim, Min Sung & Jung, Yoonhyuk & Kim, Junghwan, 2021. "A study on factors affecting privacy risk tolerance to prevent the spread of COVID-19 in South Korea," Business Horizons, Elsevier, vol. 64(6), pages 735-741.
    18. Jamison, Amelia M. & Quinn, Sandra Crouse & Freimuth, Vicki S., 2019. "“You don't trust a government vaccine”: Narratives of institutional trust and influenza vaccination among African American and white adults," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 221(C), pages 87-94.
    19. Tom Chang & Mireille Jacobson & Manisha Shah & Rajiv Pramanik & Samir B. Shah, 2021. "Financial Incentives and Other Nudges Do Not Increase COVID-19 Vaccinations among the Vaccine Hesitant," NBER Working Papers 29403, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    20. Athina Economou & Christos Kollias, 2024. "The 2015 Refugee Crisis and Institutional Trust in European Countries," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 173(2), pages 377-396, June.
    21. Bruno Arpino & Anastassia V. Obydenkova, 2020. "Democracy and Political Trust Before and After the Great Recession 2008: The European Union and the United Nations," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 148(2), pages 395-415, April.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:10:p:5272-:d:555344. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.