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Assessment of the Materials Employed in Green Artificial Reefs for the Galician Estuaries in Terms of Circular Economy

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  • Luis Carral

    (Escola Politécnica Superior, Universidade da Coruña, 15403 Ferrol, Spain)

  • Carolina Camba Fabal

    (Escola Politécnica Superior, Universidade da Coruña, 15403 Ferrol, Spain)

  • Mª Isabel Lamas Galdo

    (Escola Politécnica Superior, Universidade da Coruña, 15403 Ferrol, Spain)

  • Mª Jesús Rodríguez-Guerreiro

    (Escola Politécnica Superior, Universidade da Coruña, 15403 Ferrol, Spain)

  • Juan José Cartelle Barros

    (Escola Politécnica Superior, Universidade da Coruña, 15403 Ferrol, Spain)

Abstract

To exploit marine resources in a sustainable way, efficient management systems must be used such as green artificial reefs (GARs). These reefs are mostly made up of renewable and organic materials. When adopting the circular economy (CE) model, industrial processes must be reconsidered. By adapting how conventional artificial reefs (CARs) are engineered and produced to embrace the principles of the CE, certain materials can be used. Renewable resources are designed to be reintroduced into the biosphere without producing harmful organic residues or nutrients. Within a framework that covers economic, environmental and social considerations, this study offers four new proposals related to substituting the materials destined for the components in an artificial reef. For the first time, two different methodologies were applied to determine the best alternative in terms of its contribution to both sustainability and CE. From the results obtained, the best solutions are in line with substituting a certain amount of the cement and sand with mussel shells. The importance of the results lies in the fact that the canning industry in Galicia (northwest Spain) generates shell residues which promote grave environmental consequences.

Suggested Citation

  • Luis Carral & Carolina Camba Fabal & Mª Isabel Lamas Galdo & Mª Jesús Rodríguez-Guerreiro & Juan José Cartelle Barros, 2020. "Assessment of the Materials Employed in Green Artificial Reefs for the Galician Estuaries in Terms of Circular Economy," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(23), pages 1-24, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:23:p:8850-:d:452767
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. Luis Carral & Juan José Cartelle Barros & Humberto Carro Fidalgo & Carolina Camba Fabal & Alicia Munín Doce, 2021. "Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Energy Consumption of Coastal Ecosystem Enhancement Programme through Sustainable Artificial Reefs in Galicia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-19, February.
    2. Qi Chen & Huijuan Yu & Yezhi Wang, 2021. "Research on Modern Marine Environmental Governance in China: Subject Identification, Structural Characteristics, and Operational Mechanisms," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(9), pages 1-17, April.

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