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Bisphenols as a Legacy Pollutant, and Their Effects on Organ Vulnerability

Author

Listed:
  • Jong-Joo Kim

    (Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea
    Contributed equally as co-first authors.)

  • Surendra Kumar

    (Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
    Contributed equally as co-first authors.)

  • Vinay Kumar

    (Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh 758307, Vietnam)

  • Yun-Mi Lee

    (Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea)

  • You-Sam Kim

    (Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea)

  • Vijay Kumar

    (Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea)

Abstract

Bisphenols are widely used in the synthesis of polycarbonate plastics, epoxy resins, and thermal paper, which are used in manufacturing items of daily use. Packaged foods and drinks are the main sources of exposure to bisphenols. These chemicals affect humans and animals by disrupting the estrogen, androgen, progesterone, thyroid, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor functions. Bisphenols exert numerous harmful effects because of their interaction with receptors, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cell signal alterations. Both cohort and case-control studies have determined an association between bisphenol exposure and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders, reproductive abnormalities, obesity, and diabetes. Prenatal exposure to bisphenols results in developmental disorders in animals. These chemicals also affect the immune cells and play a significant role in initiating the inflammatory response. Exposure to bisphenols exhibit age, gender, and dose-dependent effects. Even at low concentrations, bisphenols exert toxicity, and hence deserve a critical assessment of their uses. Since bisphenols have a global influence on human health, the need to discover the underlying pathways involved in all disease conditions is essential. Furthermore, it is important to promote the use of alternatives for bisphenols, thereby restricting their uses.

Suggested Citation

  • Jong-Joo Kim & Surendra Kumar & Vinay Kumar & Yun-Mi Lee & You-Sam Kim & Vijay Kumar, 2019. "Bisphenols as a Legacy Pollutant, and Their Effects on Organ Vulnerability," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(1), pages 1-18, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2019:i:1:p:112-:d:300917
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Xiaoqian Gao & Hong-Sheng Wang, 2014. "Impact of Bisphenol A on the Cardiovascular System — Epidemiological and Experimental Evidence and Molecular Mechanisms," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-15, August.
    2. Ka Young Kim & Eunil Lee & Yanghee Kim, 2019. "The Association between Bisphenol A Exposure and Obesity in Children—A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(14), pages 1-9, July.
    3. Leyi Duan & Qi Chen & Shunshan Duan, 2019. "Transcriptional Analysis of Chlorella pyrenoidosa Exposed to Bisphenol A," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(8), pages 1-12, April.
    4. Yun Hwa Shim & Jung Won Ock & Yoon-Ji Kim & Youngki Kim & Se Yeong Kim & Dongmug Kang, 2019. "Association between Heavy Metals, Bisphenol A, Volatile Organic Compounds and Phthalates and Metabolic Syndrome," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-12, February.
    5. Demetrios Petrakis & Loukia Vassilopoulou & Charalampos Mamoulakis & Christos Psycharakis & Aliki Anifantaki & Stavros Sifakis & Anca Oana Docea & John Tsiaoussis & Antonios Makrigiannakis & Aristides, 2017. "Endocrine Disruptors Leading to Obesity and Related Diseases," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-18, October.
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    Cited by:

    1. Denis Aseev & Agniya Batoeva & Marina Sizykh & Daniil Olennikov & Galina Matafonova, 2021. "Degradation of Bisphenol A in an Aqueous Solution by a Photo-Fenton-Like Process Using a UV KrCl Excilamp," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(3), pages 1-11, January.

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