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Sex Differences between Urinary Phthalate Metabolites and Metabolic Syndrome in Adults: A Cross-Sectional Taiwan Biobank Study

Author

Listed:
  • Ya-Ling Shih

    (Department of Nursing, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu 30015, Taiwan)

  • Chia-Jung Hsieh

    (School of Nursing, College of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei 112303, Taiwan)

  • Tso-Ying Lee

    (Nursing Research Center of Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110301, Taiwan)

  • Pei-Hung Liao

    (School of Nursing, College of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei 112303, Taiwan)

  • Hao-Ting Wu

    (School of Nursing, College of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei 112303, Taiwan
    Department of Nursing, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei 112303, Taiwan)

  • Chieh-Yu Liu

    (Department of Health Care Management, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei 112303, Taiwan)

Abstract

Background: Phthalates are widely used in consumer products, food packaging, and personal care products, so exposure is widespread. Several studies have investigated the association of phthalate exposure with obesity, insulin resistance, and hypertension. However, little is known about the associations of phthalate exposure with sex, age, and menopausal status in metabolic syndrome (MetS). The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between 11 urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations and metabolic syndrome in adults. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 1337 adults aged 30–70 years from the Taiwan Biobank 2016–2020. Prevalence odds ratios (POR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using logistic regression and stratified by sex, age, and menopausal status. Results: Participants with MetS comprised 16.38%. Higher concentrations of MEP metabolites were associated with more than two- to three-fold increased odds of MetS in males and males ≥ 50 years (adj. POR Q3 vs. Q1 = 2.13, 95% CI: 1.01, 4.50; p = 0.047 and adj. POR Q2 vs. Q1 = 3.11, 95% CI: 0.13, 8.63; p = 0.029). When assessed by menopausal status, postmenopausal females with higher ∑DEHP concentrations had more than nine-fold higher odds of MetS compared with postmenopausal females with the lowest ∑DEHP concentrations (adj. POR Q3 vs. Q1 = 9.58, 95% CI: 1.18, 77.75; p = 0.034). Conclusions: The findings suggest differential associations between certain phthalate metabolites and MetS by sex, age, and menopausal status.

Suggested Citation

  • Ya-Ling Shih & Chia-Jung Hsieh & Tso-Ying Lee & Pei-Hung Liao & Hao-Ting Wu & Chieh-Yu Liu, 2022. "Sex Differences between Urinary Phthalate Metabolites and Metabolic Syndrome in Adults: A Cross-Sectional Taiwan Biobank Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(16), pages 1-18, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:16:p:10458-:d:894808
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Rajrupa Ghosh & Mefruz Haque & Paul C. Turner & Raul Cruz-Cano & Cher M. Dallal, 2021. "Racial and Sex Differences between Urinary Phthalates and Metabolic Syndrome among U.S. Adults: NHANES 2005–2014," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(13), pages 1-18, June.
    2. Natalia M Grindler & Jenifer E Allsworth & George A Macones & Kurunthachalam Kannan & Kimberly A Roehl & Amber R Cooper, 2015. "Persistent Organic Pollutants and Early Menopause in U.S. Women," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 10(1), pages 1-12, January.
    3. Elsi Haverinen & Mariana F. Fernandez & Vicente Mustieles & Hanna Tolonen, 2021. "Metabolic Syndrome and Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals: An Overview of Exposure and Health Effects," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(24), pages 1-19, December.
    4. Yun Hwa Shim & Jung Won Ock & Yoon-Ji Kim & Youngki Kim & Se Yeong Kim & Dongmug Kang, 2019. "Association between Heavy Metals, Bisphenol A, Volatile Organic Compounds and Phthalates and Metabolic Syndrome," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-12, February.
    5. Annette M. Krais & Christina Andersen & Axel C. Eriksson & Eskil Johnsson & Jörn Nielsen & Joakim Pagels & Anders Gudmundsson & Christian H. Lindh & Aneta Wierzbicka, 2018. "Excretion of Urinary Metabolites of the Phthalate Esters DEP and DEHP in 16 Volunteers after Inhalation and Dermal Exposure," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-14, November.
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