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Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields Exposure Assessment in Indoor Environments: A Review

Author

Listed:
  • Emma Chiaramello

    (Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell’Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni IEIIT CNR, 20133 Milano, Italy)

  • Marta Bonato

    (Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell’Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni IEIIT CNR, 20133 Milano, Italy
    Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria DEIB, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy)

  • Serena Fiocchi

    (Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell’Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni IEIIT CNR, 20133 Milano, Italy)

  • Gabriella Tognola

    (Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell’Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni IEIIT CNR, 20133 Milano, Italy)

  • Marta Parazzini

    (Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell’Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni IEIIT CNR, 20133 Milano, Italy)

  • Paolo Ravazzani

    (Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell’Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni IEIIT CNR, 20133 Milano, Italy)

  • Joe Wiart

    (Télécom ParisTech, LTCI University Paris Saclay, Chair C2M, 75013 Paris, France)

Abstract

Exposure to radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMFs) in indoor environments depends on both outdoor sources such as radio, television and mobile phone antennas and indoor sources, such as mobile phones and wireless communications applications. Establishing the levels of exposure could be challenging due to differences in the approaches used in different studies. The goal of this study is to present an overview of the last ten years research efforts about RF EMF exposure in indoor environments, considering different RF-EMF sources found to cause exposure in indoor environments, different indoor environments and different approaches used to assess the exposure. The highest maximum mean levels of the exposure considering the whole RF-EMF frequency band was found in offices (1.14 V/m) and in public transports (0.97 V/m), while the lowest levels of exposure were observed in homes and apartments, with mean values in the range 0.13–0.43 V/m. The contribution of different RF-EMF sources to the total level of exposure was found to show slightly different patterns among the indoor environments, but this finding has to be considered as a time-dependent picture of the continuous evolving exposure to RF-EMF.

Suggested Citation

  • Emma Chiaramello & Marta Bonato & Serena Fiocchi & Gabriella Tognola & Marta Parazzini & Paolo Ravazzani & Joe Wiart, 2019. "Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields Exposure Assessment in Indoor Environments: A Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-29, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:6:p:955-:d:214687
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Annamaria Sârbu & Simona Miclăuș & Angela Digulescu & Paul Bechet, 2020. "Comparative Analysis of User Exposure to the Electromagnetic Radiation Emitted by the Fourth and Fifth Generations of Wi-Fi Communication Devices," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(23), pages 1-21, November.
    2. Amelie Massardier-Pilonchery & Elena Nerrière & Sophie Croidieu & Fabien Ndagijimana & François Gaudaire & Christophe Martinsons & Nicolas Noé & Martine Hours, 2019. "Assessment of Personal Occupational Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields in Libraries and Media Libraries, Using Calibrated On-Body Exposimeters," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(12), pages 1-16, June.
    3. Zicheng Liu & Djamel Allal & Maurice Cox & Joe Wiart, 2020. "Discrepancies of Measured SAR between Traditional and Fast Measuring Systems," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(6), pages 1-13, March.
    4. Yazan Akkam & Ahmed A. Al-Taani & Salam Ayasreh & Abeer Almutairi & Nosaibah Akkam, 2020. "Correlation of Blood Oxidative Stress Parameters to Indoor Radiofrequency Radiation: A Cross Sectional Study in Jordan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(13), pages 1-17, June.
    5. Kenneth R. Foster & Marvin C. Ziskin & Quirino Balzano, 2022. "Three Quarters of a Century of Research on RF Exposure Assessment and Dosimetry—What Have We Learned?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(4), pages 1-10, February.
    6. Maria Rosaria Scarfì & Mats-Olof Mattsson & Myrtill Simkó & Olga Zeni, 2019. "Special Issue: “Electric, Magnetic, and Electromagnetic Fields in Biology and Medicine: From Mechanisms to Biomedical Applications”," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(22), pages 1-3, November.

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