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Enabling Green Cellular Networks: A Review and Proposal Leveraging Software-Defined Networking, Network Function Virtualization, and Cloud-Radio Access Network

Author

Listed:
  • Radheshyam Singh

    (Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark)

  • Line M. P. Larsen

    (TDC NET, Teglholmsgade 1, 0900 København C, Denmark)

  • Eder Ollora Zaballa

    (Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark)

  • Michael Stübert Berger

    (Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark)

  • Christian Kloch

    (FORCE Technology, Venlighedsvej 4, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark)

  • Lars Dittmann

    (Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark)

Abstract

The increasing demand for enhanced communication systems, driven by applications such as real-time video streaming, online gaming, critical operations, and Internet-of-Things (IoT) services, has necessitated the optimization of cellular networks to meet evolving requirements while addressing power consumption challenges. In this context, various initiatives undertaken by industry, academia, and researchers to reduce the power consumption of cellular network systems are comprehensively reviewed. Particular attention is given to emerging technologies, including Software-Defined Networking (SDN), Network Function Virtualization (NFV), and Cloud-Radio Access Network (C-RAN), which are identified as key enablers for reshaping cellular infrastructure. Their collective potential to enhance energy efficiency while addressing convergence challenges is analyzed, and solutions for sustainable network evolution are proposed. A conceptual architecture based on SDN, NFV, and C-RAN is presented as an illustrative example of integrating these technologies to achieve significant power savings. The proposed framework outlines an approach to developing energy-efficient cellular networks, capable of reducing power consumption by approximately 40 to 50% through the optimal placement of virtual network functions.

Suggested Citation

  • Radheshyam Singh & Line M. P. Larsen & Eder Ollora Zaballa & Michael Stübert Berger & Christian Kloch & Lars Dittmann, 2025. "Enabling Green Cellular Networks: A Review and Proposal Leveraging Software-Defined Networking, Network Function Virtualization, and Cloud-Radio Access Network," Future Internet, MDPI, vol. 17(4), pages 1-39, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jftint:v:17:y:2025:i:4:p:161-:d:1628553
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Sofana Reka. S & Tomislav Dragičević & Pierluigi Siano & S.R. Sahaya Prabaharan, 2019. "Future Generation 5G Wireless Networks for Smart Grid: A Comprehensive Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(11), pages 1-17, June.
    2. Mohammed H. Alsharif & Jeong Kim & Jin Hong Kim, 2017. "Green and Sustainable Cellular Base Stations: An Overview and Future Research Directions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(5), pages 1-27, April.
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