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Integrated Micro- and Nano-Grid with Focus on Net-Zero Renewable Energy—A Survey Paper

Author

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  • Nourin Kadir

    (Department of Mechanical, Industrial, and Mechatronics Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University (TMU), Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada)

  • Alan S. Fung

    (Department of Mechanical, Industrial, and Mechatronics Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University (TMU), Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada)

Abstract

An integrated micro- and nano-grid with net-zero renewable energy is a sophisticated energy system framework aimed at attaining optimal efficiency and sustainability. This survey paper examines several contemporary research works in this domain. This document summarizes the latest papers selected for analysis to comprehend the current state-of-the-art, integration process, methodology, and research gaps. The objective of this review is to identify existing trends and ongoing transformations in this domain. At the conclusion of the study, emerging technologies for smart grid integration are offered, emphasizing Transactive Control, Blockchain Technology, and Quantum Cryptography, based on existing research gaps. Microgrids and nano-grids are localized energy systems capable of functioning alone or in tandem with larger power grids, offering resilience and adaptability. By incorporating renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and storage devices, these networks can produce and regulate energy locally, guaranteeing that the generated energy meets or surpasses the energy used. The incorporation of intelligent technology and control systems facilitates optimized energy distribution, real-time monitoring, and load balancing, advancing the objective of net-zero energy use. This strategy not only bolsters energy security but also markedly decreases carbon emissions, rendering it an essential element in the shift towards a sustainable and resilient energy future. The worldwide implementation of interconnected micro- and nano-grids utilizing net-zero renewable energy signifies a pivotal transition towards a sustainable and resilient energy future. These localized energy systems can function independently or in conjunction with conventional power grids, utilizing renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and advanced storage technology. Integrating these resources with intelligent control systems enables micro- and nano-grids to optimize energy production, distribution, and consumption at a detailed level, ensuring that communities and companies globally can attain net-zero energy usage. This method not only diminishes greenhouse gas emissions and reliance on fossil fuels but also improves energy security and grid stability in various places. These technologies, when implemented globally, provide a scalable answer to the issues of energy access, environmental sustainability, and climate change mitigation, facilitating a cleaner and more equal energy landscape worldwide.

Suggested Citation

  • Nourin Kadir & Alan S. Fung, 2025. "Integrated Micro- and Nano-Grid with Focus on Net-Zero Renewable Energy—A Survey Paper," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-21, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:4:p:794-:d:1586685
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Mottaghizadeh, Pegah & Jabbari, Faryar & Brouwer, Jack, 2022. "Integrated solid oxide fuel cell, solar PV, and battery storage system to achieve zero net energy residential nanogrid in California," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 323(C).
    2. Li, Xian & Lin, Alexander & Young, Chin-Huai & Dai, Yanjun & Wang, Chi-Hwa, 2019. "Energetic and economic evaluation of hybrid solar energy systems in a residential net-zero energy building," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 254(C).
    3. Le, Son Tay & Nguyen, Tuan Ngoc & Bui, Dac-Khuong & Teodosio, Birch & Ngo, Tuan Duc, 2024. "Comparative life cycle assessment of renewable energy storage systems for net-zero buildings with varying self-sufficient ratios," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 290(C).
    4. Yu, Hang & Niu, Songyan & Zhang, Yumeng & Jian, Linni, 2020. "An integrated and reconfigurable hybrid AC/DC microgrid architecture with autonomous power flow control for nearly/net zero energy buildings," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(C).
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