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Comprehensive Control Strategy for Hybrid Energy Storage System Participating in Grid Primary Frequency Regulation

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  • Haorui Jiang

    (Shandong Engineering Research Center for High-Efficiency Energy Storage and Hydrogen Energy Utilization, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China)

  • Kuihua Han

    (Shandong Engineering Research Center for High-Efficiency Energy Storage and Hydrogen Energy Utilization, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China)

  • Weiyu Bao

    (School of Electrical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China)

  • Yahui Li

    (Shandong Engineering Research Center for High-Efficiency Energy Storage and Hydrogen Energy Utilization, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China)

Abstract

The increasing integration of renewable energy sources has posed significant challenges to grid frequency stability. To maximize the advantages of energy storage in primary frequency regulation, this paper proposes a comprehensive control strategy for a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) based on supercapacitor battery. Firstly, considering the characteristics of the HESS and different control strategies, the battery responds to virtual droop control to reduce frequency deviation, while the supercapacitor responds to inertia control to suppress frequency drops and facilitate frequency recovery. Simultaneously, a reasonable dynamic dead zone is configured to prevent frequent actions of the battery and thermal unit while allowing flexible adjustments according to the load condition. Thirdly, an algebraic S-curve-based adaptive droop coefficient incorporating SOC is proposed, while the inertia coefficient additionally considers load type, enhancing adaptability. Furthermore, to better maintain the battery’s SOC, an improved adaptive recovery strategy within the battery dead zone is proposed, considering both SOC recovery requirements and system frequency deviation constraints. Finally, a simulation validation was conducted in MATLAB/Simulink. Compared to the conventional strategy, the proposed control strategy reduces the frequency drop rate by 17.43% under step disturbance. Under compound disturbances, the RMS of frequency deviation decreases by 13.34%, and the RMS of battery SOC decreases by 68.61%. The economic benefit of this strategy is 3.212 times that of the single energy storage scheme. The results indicate that the proposed strategy effectively alleviates sudden frequency disturbances, suppresses frequency fluctuations, and reduces battery output while maintaining the SOC of both the supercapacitor and the battery, thereby extending the battery lifespan and improving economic performance.

Suggested Citation

  • Haorui Jiang & Kuihua Han & Weiyu Bao & Yahui Li, 2025. "Comprehensive Control Strategy for Hybrid Energy Storage System Participating in Grid Primary Frequency Regulation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(10), pages 1-31, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:10:p:2423-:d:1651800
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Dan Zhou & Zhiwei Zou & Yangqing Dan & Chenxuan Wang & Chenyuan Teng & Yuanlong Zhu, 2025. "An Integrated Strategy for Hybrid Energy Storage Systems to Stabilize the Frequency of the Power Grid Through Primary Frequency Regulation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(2), pages 1-25, January.
    2. Laiqing Yan & Tao Shui & Tailin Xue & Miao Wang & Ning Ma & Kaiyue Li, 2022. "Comprehensive Control Strategy Considering Hybrid Energy Storage for Primary Frequency Modulation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-16, June.
    3. Minhan Yoon & Jaehyeong Lee & Sungyoon Song & Yeontae Yoo & Gilsoo Jang & Seungmin Jung & Sungchul Hwang, 2019. "Utilization of Energy Storage System for Frequency Regulation in Large-Scale Transmission System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(20), pages 1-13, October.
    4. Wei Chen & Na Sun & Zhicheng Ma & Wenfei Liu & Haiying Dong, 2023. "A Two-Layer Optimization Strategy for Battery Energy Storage Systems to Achieve Primary Frequency Regulation of Power Grid," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-18, March.
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