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At what Pressure Shall CO 2 Be Transported by Ship? An in-Depth Cost Comparison of 7 and 15 Barg Shipping

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  • Simon Roussanaly

    (SINTEF Energy Research, Sem Sælandsvei 11, NO-7465 Trondheim, Norway)

  • Han Deng

    (SINTEF Energy Research, Sem Sælandsvei 11, NO-7465 Trondheim, Norway)

  • Geir Skaugen

    (SINTEF Energy Research, Sem Sælandsvei 11, NO-7465 Trondheim, Norway)

  • Truls Gundersen

    (Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Kolbjørn Hejes Vei 1B, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway)

Abstract

The pipeline has historically been the preferred means to transport CO 2 due to its low cost for short distances and opportunities for economies of scale. However, interest in vessel-based transport of CO 2 is growing. While most of the literature has assumed that CO 2 shipping would take place at low pressure (at 7 barg and −46 °C), the issue of identifying best transport conditions, in terms of pressure, temperature, and gas composition, is becoming more relevant as ship-based carbon capture and storage chains move towards implementation. This study focuses on an in-depth comparison of the two primary and relevant transport pressures, 7 and 15 barg, for annual volumes up to 20 MtCO 2 /year and transport distances up to 2000 km. We also address the impact of a number of key factors on optimal transport conditions, including (a) transport between harbours versus transport to an offshore site, (b) CO 2 pressure prior to conditioning, (c) the presence of impurities and of purity constraints, and (d) maximum feasible ship capacities for the 7 and 15 barg options. Overall, we have found that 7 barg shipping is the most cost-efficient option for the combinations of distance and annual volume where transport by ship is the cost-optimal means of transport. Furthermore, 7 barg shipping can enable significant cost reductions (beyond 30%) compared to 15 barg shipping for a wide range of annual volume capacities.

Suggested Citation

  • Simon Roussanaly & Han Deng & Geir Skaugen & Truls Gundersen, 2021. "At what Pressure Shall CO 2 Be Transported by Ship? An in-Depth Cost Comparison of 7 and 15 Barg Shipping," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-27, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:18:p:5635-:d:631276
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Aspelund, Audun & Gundersen, Truls, 2009. "A liquefied energy chain for transport and utilization of natural gas for power production with CO2 capture and storage - Part 2: The offshore and the onshore processes," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 86(6), pages 793-804, June.
    2. Al Baroudi, Hisham & Awoyomi, Adeola & Patchigolla, Kumar & Jonnalagadda, Kranthi & Anthony, E.J., 2021. "A review of large-scale CO2 shipping and marine emissions management for carbon capture, utilisation and storage," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 287(C).
    3. Munkejord, Svend Tollak & Hammer, Morten & Løvseth, Sigurd W., 2016. "CO2 transport: Data and models – A review," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 169(C), pages 499-523.
    4. Aspelund, Audun & Gundersen, Truls, 2009. "A liquefied energy chain for transport and utilization of natural gas for power production with CO2 capture and storage - Part 1," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 86(6), pages 781-792, June.
    5. Stefania Osk Gardarsdottir & Edoardo De Lena & Matteo Romano & Simon Roussanaly & Mari Voldsund & José-Francisco Pérez-Calvo & David Berstad & Chao Fu & Rahul Anantharaman & Daniel Sutter & Matteo Gaz, 2019. "Comparison of Technologies for CO 2 Capture from Cement Production—Part 2: Cost Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-20, February.
    6. Aspelund, Audun & Tveit, Steinar P. & Gundersen, Truls, 2009. "A liquefied energy chain for transport and utilization of natural gas for power production with CO2 capture and storage - Part 3: The combined carrier and onshore storage," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 86(6), pages 805-814, June.
    7. Jung, Jung-Yeul & Huh, Cheol & Kang, Seong-Gil & Seo, Youngkyun & Chang, Daejun, 2013. "CO2 transport strategy and its cost estimation for the offshore CCS in Korea," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 1054-1060.
    8. Aspelund, Audun & Gundersen, Truls, 2009. "A liquefied energy chain for transport and utilization of natural gas for power production with CO2 capture and storage - Part 4: Sensitivity analysis of transport pressures and benchmarking with conv," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 86(6), pages 815-825, June.
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    Cited by:

    1. Stian Trædal & Jacob Hans Georg Stang & Ingrid Snustad & Martin Viktor Johansson & David Berstad, 2021. "CO 2 Liquefaction Close to the Triple Point Pressure," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(24), pages 1-15, December.
    2. Wentao Gong & Eryk Remiezowicz & Philip Loldrup Fosbøl & Nicolas von Solms, 2022. "Design and Analysis of Novel CO 2 Conditioning Process in Ship-Based CCS," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(16), pages 1-18, August.
    3. Enbin Liu & Xudong Lu & Daocheng Wang, 2023. "A Systematic Review of Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage: Status, Progress and Challenges," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-48, March.
    4. Golrokh Sani, Ahmad & Najafi, Hamidreza & Azimi, Seyedeh Shakiba, 2022. "Dynamic thermal modeling of the refrigerated liquified CO2 tanker in carbon capture, utilization, and storage chain: A truck transport case study," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 326(C).

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