IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v14y2021i11p3290-d568846.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Stratified Control Applied to a Three-Phase Unbalanced Low Voltage Distribution Grid in a Local Peer-to-Peer Energy Community

Author

Listed:
  • Bharath Varsh Rao

    (Electric Energy Systems Center for Energy, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, 1210 Vienna, Austria)

  • Mark Stefan

    (Electric Energy Systems Center for Energy, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, 1210 Vienna, Austria)

  • Roman Schwalbe

    (Electric Energy Systems Center for Energy, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, 1210 Vienna, Austria)

  • Roman Karl

    (Electric Energy Systems Center for Energy, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, 1210 Vienna, Austria)

  • Friederich Kupzog

    (Electric Energy Systems Center for Energy, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, 1210 Vienna, Austria)

  • Martin Kozek

    (Institute of Mechanics and Mechatronics, Faculty of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, 1060 Vienna, Austria)

Abstract

This paper presents control relationships between the low voltage distribution grid and flexibilities in a peer-to-peer local energy community using a stratified control strategy. With the increase in a diverse set of distributed energy resources and the next generation of loads such as electric storage, vehicles and heat pumps, it is paramount to maintain them optimally to guarantee grid security and supply continuity. Local energy communities are being introduced and gaining traction in recent years to drive the local production, distribution, consumption and trading of energy. The control scheme presented in this paper involves a stratified controller with grid and flexibility layers. The grid controller consists of a three-phase unbalanced optimal power flow using the holomorphic embedding load flow method wrapped around a genetic algorithm and various flexibility controllers, using three-phase unbalanced model predictive control. The control scheme generates active and reactive power set-points at points of common couplings where flexibilities are connected. The grid controller’s optimal power flow can introduce additional grid support functionalities to further increase grid stability. Flexibility controllers are recommended to actively track the obtained set-points from the grid controller, to ensure system-level optimization. Blockchain enables this control scheme by providing appropriate data exchange between the layers. This scheme is applied to a real low voltage rural grid in Austria, and the result analysis is presented.

Suggested Citation

  • Bharath Varsh Rao & Mark Stefan & Roman Schwalbe & Roman Karl & Friederich Kupzog & Martin Kozek, 2021. "Stratified Control Applied to a Three-Phase Unbalanced Low Voltage Distribution Grid in a Local Peer-to-Peer Energy Community," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-19, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:11:p:3290-:d:568846
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/11/3290/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/11/3290/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Yong, Jia Ying & Ramachandaramurthy, Vigna K. & Tan, Kang Miao & Mithulananthan, N., 2015. "A review on the state-of-the-art technologies of electric vehicle, its impacts and prospects," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 365-385.
    2. Bharath Varsh Rao & Friederich Kupzog & Martin Kozek, 2018. "Phase Balancing Home Energy Management System Using Model Predictive Control," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(12), pages 1-19, November.
    3. Yuanyuan Sun & Peixin Li & Shurong Li & Linghan Zhang, 2017. "Contribution Determination for Multiple Unbalanced Sources at the Point of Common Coupling," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(2), pages 1-17, February.
    4. Bharath Varsh Rao & Friederich Kupzog & Martin Kozek, 2019. "Three-Phase Unbalanced Optimal Power Flow Using Holomorphic Embedding Load Flow Method," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(6), pages 1-16, March.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Das, Himadry Shekhar & Tan, Chee Wei & Yatim, A.H.M., 2017. "Fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles: A review on power conditioning units and topologies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 268-291.
    2. Al-Zareer, Maan & Dincer, Ibrahim & Rosen, Marc A., 2019. "Comparative assessment of new liquid-to-vapor type battery cooling systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 188(C).
    3. Liu, Hu-Chen & You, Xiao-Yue & Xue, Yi-Xi & Luan, Xue, 2017. "Exploring critical factors influencing the diffusion of electric vehicles in China: A multi-stakeholder perspective," Research in Transportation Economics, Elsevier, vol. 66(C), pages 46-58.
    4. Wu, Yingwen & Ji, Yangjian, 2023. "Identifying firm-specific technology opportunities from the perspective of competitors by using association rule mining," Journal of Informetrics, Elsevier, vol. 17(2).
    5. Das, H.S. & Rahman, M.M. & Li, S. & Tan, C.W., 2020. "Electric vehicles standards, charging infrastructure, and impact on grid integration: A technological review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 120(C).
    6. Cassetta, Ernesto & Marra, Alessandro & Pozzi, Cesare & Antonelli, Paola, 2017. "Emerging technological trajectories and new mobility solutions. A large-scale investigation on transport-related innovative start-ups and implications for policy," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 106(C), pages 1-11.
    7. Ashique, Ratil H. & Salam, Zainal & Bin Abdul Aziz, Mohd Junaidi & Bhatti, Abdul Rauf, 2017. "Integrated photovoltaic-grid dc fast charging system for electric vehicle: A review of the architecture and control," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 1243-1257.
    8. Alena Otcenasova & Roman Bodnar & Michal Regula & Marek Hoger & Michal Repak, 2017. "Methodology for Determination of the Number of Equipment Malfunctions Due to Voltage Sags," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(3), pages 1-26, March.
    9. Arshdeep Singh & Shimi Sudha Letha, 2019. "Emerging energy sources for electric vehicle charging station," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 21(5), pages 2043-2082, October.
    10. Syed Ali Abbas Kazmi & Muhammad Khuram Shahzad & Akif Zia Khan & Dong Ryeol Shin, 2017. "Smart Distribution Networks: A Review of Modern Distribution Concepts from a Planning Perspective," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(4), pages 1-47, April.
    11. d'Adamo, A. & Iacovano, C. & Fontanesi, S., 2020. "Large-Eddy simulation of lean and ultra-lean combustion using advanced ignition modelling in a transparent combustion chamber engine," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 280(C).
    12. Lin, Xiang-Wei & Li, Yu-Bai & Wu, Wei-Tao & Zhou, Zhi-Fu & Chen, Bin, 2024. "Advances on two-phase heat transfer for lithium-ion battery thermal management," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 189(PB).
    13. Hannan, M.A. & Lipu, M.S.H. & Hussain, A. & Mohamed, A., 2017. "A review of lithium-ion battery state of charge estimation and management system in electric vehicle applications: Challenges and recommendations," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 834-854.
    14. Muhammad Umair Ali & Amad Zafar & Sarvar Hussain Nengroo & Sadam Hussain & Muhammad Junaid Alvi & Hee-Je Kim, 2019. "Towards a Smarter Battery Management System for Electric Vehicle Applications: A Critical Review of Lithium-Ion Battery State of Charge Estimation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-33, January.
    15. Shepero, Mahmoud & Munkhammar, Joakim & Widén, Joakim & Bishop, Justin D.K. & Boström, Tobias, 2018. "Modeling of photovoltaic power generation and electric vehicles charging on city-scale: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 89(C), pages 61-71.
    16. Wang, Shuoqi & Lu, Languang & Han, Xuebing & Ouyang, Minggao & Feng, Xuning, 2020. "Virtual-battery based droop control and energy storage system size optimization of a DC microgrid for electric vehicle fast charging station," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 259(C).
    17. Samuel Pelletier & Ola Jabali & Gilbert Laporte, 2016. "50th Anniversary Invited Article—Goods Distribution with Electric Vehicles: Review and Research Perspectives," Transportation Science, INFORMS, vol. 50(1), pages 3-22, February.
    18. Adnan, Nadia & Md Nordin, Shahrina & Hadi Amini, M. & Langove, Naseebullah, 2018. "What make consumer sign up to PHEVs? Predicting Malaysian consumer behavior in adoption of PHEVs," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 259-278.
    19. Kang Miao Tan & Vigna K. Ramachandaramurthy & Jia Ying Yong & Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban & Lucian Mihet-Popa & Frede Blaabjerg, 2017. "Minimization of Load Variance in Power Grids—Investigation on Optimal Vehicle-to-Grid Scheduling," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(11), pages 1-21, November.
    20. Yang, Hongtai & Luo, Peng & Li, Chaojing & Zhai, Guocong & Yeh, Anthony G.O., 2023. "Nonlinear effects of fare discounts and built environment on ridesplitting adoption rates," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 169(C).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:11:p:3290-:d:568846. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.