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Online Synthesis of an Optimal Battery State-of-Charge Reference Trajectory for a Plug-in Hybrid Electric City Bus

Author

Listed:
  • Jure Soldo

    (Department of Robotics and Automation of Manufacturing Systems, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia)

  • Branimir Škugor

    (Department of Robotics and Automation of Manufacturing Systems, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia)

  • Joško Deur

    (Department of Robotics and Automation of Manufacturing Systems, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia)

Abstract

The powertrain efficiency of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) can be increased by effectively using the engine along the electric motor to gradually discharge the battery throughout a driving cycle. This sets the requirement of the optimal shaping of the battery state-of-charge (SoC) reference trajectory. The paper deals with the online synthesis of the optimal SoC reference trajectory, which inherently includes adaptive features in relation to the prediction of upcoming driving cycle features such as the trip distance, the road grade profile, the mean vehicle velocity and the mean demanded power. The method performs iteratively, starting from an offline-synthesized SoC reference trajectory obtained based on dynamic programming (DP) control variable optimization results. The overall PHEV control strategy incorporating the proposed online SoC reference trajectory synthesis method is verified against the DP benchmark and different offline synthesis methods. For this purpose, a model of a PHEV-type city bus is used and simulated over a wide range of driving cycles and conditions including varying road grade and low-emission zones (LEZ).

Suggested Citation

  • Jure Soldo & Branimir Škugor & Joško Deur, 2021. "Online Synthesis of an Optimal Battery State-of-Charge Reference Trajectory for a Plug-in Hybrid Electric City Bus," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-24, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:11:p:3168-:d:564647
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Jure Soldo & Branimir Škugor & Joško Deur, 2019. "Synthesis of Optimal Battery State-of-Charge Trajectory for Blended Regime of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles in the Presence of Low-Emission Zones and Varying Road Grades," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(22), pages 1-21, November.
    2. Xie, Shaobo & Hu, Xiaosong & Xin, Zongke & Brighton, James, 2019. "Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle based model predictive control of energy management for a plug-in hybrid electric bus," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 236(C), pages 893-905.
    3. Shaobo Xie & Huiling Li & Zongke Xin & Tong Liu & Lang Wei, 2017. "A Pontryagin Minimum Principle-Based Adaptive Equivalent Consumption Minimum Strategy for a Plug-in Hybrid Electric Bus on a Fixed Route," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(9), pages 1-22, September.
    4. Onori, Simona & Tribioli, Laura, 2015. "Adaptive Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle supervisory controller design for the plug-in hybrid GM Chevrolet Volt," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 147(C), pages 224-234.
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