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Inorganic Chromium Speciation in Geothermal Water of the Podhale Trough (Southern Poland) Used for Recreational Purposes

Author

Listed:
  • Piotr Rusiniak

    (Department of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059 Kraków, Poland)

  • Katarzyna Wątor

    (Department of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059 Kraków, Poland)

  • Ewa Kmiecik

    (Department of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059 Kraków, Poland)

Abstract

The results of total chromium determination (by ICP-OES method) in samples collected from nine working wells named GW 1 –GW 9 , exploiting geothermal water from the Podhale Trough (southern part of Poland, near the Tatra Mountains), which is used for recreational purposes, were implemented for hydrogeochemical modeling to indicate dominating chromium speciation. The reliability of the results was determined by the application of a quality assurance/quality control program, both in the laboratory and during field work. Based on chromium speciation, the risk associated with the utilization of geothermal water was calculated. The outcome showed that the concentration of Cr(III) is almost equal to the total chromium concentration (1–2 µg·L −1 ). Cr tot concentrations were also used in a health risk assessment in the case of epidermal absorption (EDI derm ) during bathing in thermal pools and four assumed scenarios in relation to the handling of geothermal water. The effect of the very low Cr tot concentration in the analyzed water on health risk calculation was estimated as low (hazard quotient value <10 −7 ). In the case of risk matrix analysis, the environmental risks were estimated as moderate, major and very severe, dependent on the assumed scenario.

Suggested Citation

  • Piotr Rusiniak & Katarzyna Wątor & Ewa Kmiecik, 2020. "Inorganic Chromium Speciation in Geothermal Water of the Podhale Trough (Southern Poland) Used for Recreational Purposes," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(14), pages 1-18, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:13:y:2020:i:14:p:3531-:d:382110
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Leszek Pająk & Barbara Tomaszewska & Wiesław Bujakowski & Bogusław Bielec & Marta Dendys, 2020. "Review of the Low-Enthalpy Lower Cretaceous Geothermal Energy Resources in Poland as an Environmentally Friendly Source of Heat for Urban District Heating Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(6), pages 1-13, March.
    2. Bujakowski, Wiesław & Tomaszewska, Barbara & Miecznik, Maciej, 2016. "The Podhale geothermal reservoir simulation for long-term sustainable production," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 99(C), pages 420-430.
    3. Tomasz Jeleński & Marta Dendys & Barbara Tomaszewska & Leszek Pająk, 2020. "The Potential of RES in the Reduction of Air Pollution: The SWOT Analysis of Smart Energy Management Solutions for Krakow Functional Area (KrOF)," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-26, April.
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