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Assessment of the Effects of the Herbicide Aclonifen and Its Soil Metabolites on Soil and Aquatic Environments

Author

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  • Marioara Nicoleta Caraba

    (Department Biology-Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry-Biology-Geography, West University of Timisoara, Pestalozzi 16, 300315 Timisoara, Romania
    Advanced Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Oituz 4, 300086 Timisoara, Romania)

  • Diana Larisa Roman

    (Department Biology-Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry-Biology-Geography, West University of Timisoara, Pestalozzi 16, 300315 Timisoara, Romania
    Advanced Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Oituz 4, 300086 Timisoara, Romania)

  • Ion Valeriu Caraba

    (Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I” from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania)

  • Adriana Isvoran

    (Department Biology-Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry-Biology-Geography, West University of Timisoara, Pestalozzi 16, 300315 Timisoara, Romania
    Advanced Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Oituz 4, 300086 Timisoara, Romania)

Abstract

Aclonifen is an herbicide with a global market that is expected to grow in the period 2021–2027. This study focuses on revealing the effects of both aclonifen and of its soil metabolites on aqueous and soil environments. The soil’s physicochemical parameters and activities of enzymes found in the soil (urease, dehydrogenase, catalase, alkaline phosphatase) were evaluated in laboratory conditions for soil treated with various doses of aclonifen (from half of a normal dose, 2.1 g/ha, to three times the normal dose) every 7 days for a period of 28 days. A computational approach was used to calculate the acute toxicity of aclonifen and of its soil metabolites on aqueous organisms and to evaluate the possible interactions of these compounds with soil enzymes. The results obtained in the experimental study showed a significant inhibitory effect of the herbicide aclonifen on the investigated enzymes; those activities were not recovered after 28 days in the presence of high doses of aclonifen. Statistically significant effects of the herbicide dose and exposure duration on enzymes’ activities were observed using post hoc analysis at the p < 0.001 level. Pearson’s correlations revealed that the investigated enzyme activities were usually strongly ( p < 0.001) influenced by the organic matter, available phosphorus content, and nitrogen level. The outcomes of the computational study revealed moderate acute aqueous toxicity of aclonifen and of its metabolites. All metabolites were also able to bind to the investigated enzymes and may have an inhibitory effect on their activities.

Suggested Citation

  • Marioara Nicoleta Caraba & Diana Larisa Roman & Ion Valeriu Caraba & Adriana Isvoran, 2023. "Assessment of the Effects of the Herbicide Aclonifen and Its Soil Metabolites on Soil and Aquatic Environments," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 13(6), pages 1-16, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jagris:v:13:y:2023:i:6:p:1226-:d:1168333
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Diana Larisa Roman & Denisa Ioana Voiculescu & Madalina Filip & Vasile Ostafe & Adriana Isvoran, 2021. "Effects of Triazole Fungicides on Soil Microbiota and on the Activities of Enzymes Found in Soil: A Review," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-18, September.
    2. Cezary A. Kwiatkowski & Elżbieta Harasim & Beata Feledyn-Szewczyk & Jacek Antonkiewicz, 2020. "Enzymatic Activity of Loess Soil in Organic and Conventional Farming Systems," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 10(4), pages 1-14, April.
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    Cited by:

    1. Diana Larisa Roman & Mariana Adina Matica & Alecu Ciorsac & Bianca Vanesa Boros & Adriana Isvoran, 2023. "The Effects of the Fungicide Myclobutanil on Soil Enzyme Activity," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 13(10), pages 1-19, October.

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