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The moral and political economy of the pandemic in Bangladesh: Weak states and strong societies during Covid-19

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  • Ali, Tariq Omar
  • Hassan, Mirza
  • Hossain, Naomi

Abstract

As the Covid-19 pandemic spread in 2020, the government of Bangladesh ordered a lockdown and promised a program of relief. Citizens complied at first, but soon returned to economic and social life; relief proved slow and uncertain, and citizens could not rely on government assistance. The government tacitly and then officially permitted the lockdown to end, despite a rising Covid-19 caseload. This article draws on theories about state capacity to make and enforce policy to understand why Bangladesh proved unable to sustain a lockdown deemed necessary to contain the pandemic in this densely populated, low income country. Drawing on original qualitative mobile phone-based research in six selected communities, this article examines how the state exercised its capacities for coercion, control over lower factions within political society, and sought to preserve and enhance its legitimacy. It concludes that despite a) the growth in the capacity of the Bangladeshi state in the past decade and b) strong political incentives to manage the pandemic without harm to economic wellbeing, the pressures to sustain legitimacy with the masses forced the state and its frontline actors to tolerate lockdown rule-breaking, conceding that the immediate livelihood needs of the poor masses overrode national public health concerns. Chronically unable to enforce its authority over local political elites, the state failed to ensure a fair and timely distribution of relief. The weakness of the Bangladeshi state contrasts with the strength of widely shared ‘moral economy’ views within society, which provided powerful ethical and political justification for citizens’ failures to comply with the lockdown, and for officials’ forbearance in its enforcement. The Covid-19 pandemic highlights both the importance of state capacity in managing novel shocks from within the global system, and the challenges in settings where weak states are embedded in strong societies.

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  • Ali, Tariq Omar & Hassan, Mirza & Hossain, Naomi, 2021. "The moral and political economy of the pandemic in Bangladesh: Weak states and strong societies during Covid-19," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 137(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:wdevel:v:137:y:2021:i:c:s0305750x20303430
    DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105216
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Blair, Harry W., 1985. "Participation, public policy, political economy and development in rural Bangladesh, 1958-85," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 13(12), pages 1231-1247, December.
    2. Hossain, Naomi, 2017. "The Aid Lab: Understanding Bangladesh's Unexpected Success," OUP Catalogue, Oxford University Press, number 9780198785507, Decembrie.
    3. Mirza Hassan & Wilson Prichard, 2016. "The Political Economy of Domestic Tax Reform in Bangladesh: Political Settlements, Informal Institutions and the Negotiation of Reform," Journal of Development Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 52(12), pages 1704-1721, December.
    4. Sarah C. White, 1999. "NGOs, Civil Society, and the State in Bangladesh: The Politics of Representing the Poor," Development and Change, International Institute of Social Studies, vol. 30(2), pages 307-326, April.
    5. Hassan, Mirza & Prichard, Wilson, 2016. "The Political Economy of Domestic Tax Reform in Bangladesh: Political Settlements, Informal Institutions and the Negotiation of Reform," Working Papers 13681, Institute of Development Studies, International Centre for Tax and Development.
    6. N. Kabeer, 2001. "Ideas, Economics and 'the Sociology of Supply': Explanations for Fertility Decline in Bangladesh," Journal of Development Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 38(1), pages 29-70.
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    Cited by:

    1. Rönkkö, Risto & Rutherford, Stuart & Sen, Kunal, 2022. "The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the poor: Insights from the Hrishipara diaries," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 149(C).
    2. Jana Hamdan & Yuanwei Xu, 2022. "COVID-19 Lockdown Compliance, Financial Stress, and Acceleration in Technology Adoption in Rural Uganda," Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin 2007, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research.
    3. Samuel Brazys & Minhaj Mahmud, 2022. "Poisoning the Well? The "Last Mile" Politics of Donor Control and Elite Capture in Bangladesh's Arsenic Mitigation," Working Papers 202207, Geary Institute, University College Dublin.
    4. Hausmann, Ricardo & Schetter, Ulrich, 2022. "Horrible trade-offs in a pandemic: Poverty, fiscal space, policy, and welfare," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 153(C).
    5. Khandakar Farid Uddin, 2021. "COVID-19 Pandemic Is About More than Health: A State of Governance Challenges in Bangladesh," South Asian Survey, , vol. 28(1), pages 72-91, March.
    6. Diego A. Martin & Dario A. Romero, 2023. "Pretending to be the Law: Violence to Reduce the COVID-19 Outbreak," CID Working Papers 155a, Center for International Development at Harvard University.

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