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Stigma, HIV and AIDS: An exploration and elaboration of a stigma trajectory

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  • Alonzo, Angelo A.
  • Reynolds, Nancy R.

Abstract

Stigma is a social construction which dramatically affects the life experiences of the individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and their partners, family and friends. While it has been generally recognized that the nature of stigma varies across illnesses, it has usually not been considered as changing and emerging over the course of a single illness. In this paper, HIV/AIDS is analyzed in terms of a stigma trajectory. The primary purpose is to conceptualize how individuals with HIV/AIDS experience stigma and to demonstrate how these experiences are affected by changes in the biophysical dimensions of HIV/AIDS. Four phases of the HIV/AIDS stigma trajectory are depicted: (1) at risk: pre-stigma and the worried well; (2) diagnosis: confronting an altered identity; (3) latent: living between illness and health; and (4) manifest: passage to social and physical death. The essential processes through which individuals personalize the illness, dilemmas encountered in interpersonal relations, strategies that are used to avoid or minimize HIV-related stigma, and subcultural networks and ideologies that are drawn upon to construct, avow, and adapt to an HIV identity are considered across the stigma trajectory.

Suggested Citation

  • Alonzo, Angelo A. & Reynolds, Nancy R., 1995. "Stigma, HIV and AIDS: An exploration and elaboration of a stigma trajectory," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 41(3), pages 303-315, August.
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:socmed:v:41:y:1995:i:3:p:303-315
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    Cited by:

    1. Thomas, Felicity, 2006. "Stigma, fatigue and social breakdown: Exploring the impacts of HIV/AIDS on patient and carer well-being in the Caprivi Region, Namibia," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 63(12), pages 3174-3187, December.
    2. Ning Hsieh, 2013. "Perceived risk of HIV infection and mental health in rural Malawi," Demographic Research, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany, vol. 28(13), pages 373-408.
    3. Abadía-Barrero, César Ernesto & Castro, Arachu, 2006. "Experiences of stigma and access to HAART in children and adolescents living with HIV/AIDS in Brazil," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 62(5), pages 1219-1228, March.
    4. Bond, Virginia & Chase, Elaine & Aggleton, Peter, 2002. "Stigma, HIV/AIDS and prevention of mother-to-child transmission in Zambia," Evaluation and Program Planning, Elsevier, vol. 25(4), pages 347-356, November.
    5. Watkins-Hayes, Celeste & Pittman-Gay, LaShawnDa & Beaman, Jean, 2012. "‘Dying from’ to ‘living with’: Framing institutions and the coping processes of African American women living with HIV/AIDS," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 74(12), pages 2028-2036.
    6. Kaiser, Karen, 2008. "The meaning of the survivor identity for women with breast cancer," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 67(1), pages 79-87, July.
    7. Mizota, Yuri & Ozawa, Megumi & Yamazaki, Yoshihiko & Inoue, Yoji, 2006. "Psychosocial problems of bereaved families of HIV-infected hemophiliacs in Japan," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 62(10), pages 2397-2410, May.
    8. Russell, Steven & Seeley, Janet, 2010. "The transition to living with HIV as a chronic condition in rural Uganda: Working to create order and control when on antiretroviral therapy," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 70(3), pages 375-382, February.
    9. Hao Li & Ling Zheng & Hong Le & Lijun Zhuo & Qian Wu & Guoqing Ma & Hongbing Tao, 2020. "The Mediating Role of Internalized Stigma and Shame on the Relationship between COVID-19 Related Discrimination and Mental Health Outcomes among Back-to-School Students in Wuhan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(24), pages 1-14, December.
    10. Hejoaka, Fabienne, 2009. "Care and secrecy: Being a mother of children living with HIV in Burkina Faso," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 69(6), pages 869-876, September.
    11. Mak, Winnie W.S. & Mo, Phoenix K.H. & Cheung, Rebecca Y.M. & Woo, Jean & Cheung, Fanny M. & Lee, Dominic, 2006. "Comparative stigma of HIV/AIDS, SARS, and Tuberculosis in Hong Kong," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 63(7), pages 1912-1922, October.
    12. Maman, Suzanne & Abler, Laurie & Parker, Lisa & Lane, Tim & Chirowodza, Admire & Ntogwisangu, Jacob & Srirak, Namtip & Modiba, Precious & Murima, Oliver & Fritz, Katherine, 2009. "A comparison of HIV stigma and discrimination in five international sites: The influence of care and treatment resources in high prevalence settings," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 68(12), pages 2271-2278, June.
    13. Babalola, Stella & Fatusi, Adesegun & Anyanti, Jennifer, 2009. "Media saturation, communication exposure and HIV stigma in Nigeria," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 68(8), pages 1513-1520, April.
    14. Labbé, Fabienne & Pelletier, Catherine & Bettinger, Julie A. & Curran, Janet & Graham, Janice E. & Greyson, Devon & MacDonald, Noni E. & Meyer, Samantha B. & Steenbeek, Audrey & Xu, Weiai & Dubé, Ève, 2022. "Stigma and blame related to COVID-19 pandemic: A case-study of editorial cartoons in Canada," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 296(C).
    15. de-Graft Aikins, Ama, 2006. "Reframing applied disease stigma research: a multilevel analysis of diabetes stigma in Ghana," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 49551, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    16. Tenkorang, Eric Y., 2017. "Ebola-related stigma in Ghana: Individual and community level determinants," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 182(C), pages 142-149.
    17. Valerie Møller & Ida Erstad & Dalinyebo Zani, 2010. "Drinking, Smoking, and Morality: Do ‘Drinkers and Smokers’ Constitute a Stigmatised Stereotype or a Real TB Risk Factor in the Time of HIV/AIDS?," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 98(2), pages 217-238, September.
    18. Abbamonte, J.M. & Ramlagan, S. & Lee, T.K. & Cristofari, N.V. & Weiss, S.M. & Peltzer, K. & Sifunda, S. & Jones, D.L., 2020. "Stigma interdependence among pregnant HIV-infected couples in a cluster randomized controlled trial from rural South Africa," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 253(C).
    19. Wangnan Cao & Hai Ming Wong & Chun Chang & Emeka Pascal Agudile & Anna Mia Ekström, 2019. "Behavioral interventions promoting HIV serostatus disclosure to sex partners among HIV-positive men who have sex with men: a systematic review," International Journal of Public Health, Springer;Swiss School of Public Health (SSPH+), vol. 64(7), pages 985-998, September.
    20. Timmermans, Stefan & Tietbohl, Caroline, 2018. "Fifty years of sociological leadership at Social Science and Medicine," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 196(C), pages 209-215.

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    Keywords

    HIV AIDS stigma trajectory coping;

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