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A qualitative examination of how direct and indirect police violence shapes perceptions of police, sense of safety, and the mental health of Black adults in Chicago

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  • Quinn, Katherine G.
  • Neal, Melissa L.
  • Valencia, Jesus
  • Hirschtick, Jana L.
  • Washington, DeJuan
  • Jacobs, Jacquelyn
  • Hunt, Bijou R.

Abstract

Police violence remains a significant public health issue, with detrimental effects on the mental health and well-being of Black communities. While public health research documenting the health consequences of police violence has been increasing, there has been considerably less qualitative research in this space. We conducted in-depth phenomenological interviews with 50 Black adults in Chicago to understand the mental health impacts of police violence. Data were analyzed using a team-based approach to thematic analysis. We developed several themes that demonstrate participants’ experiences: 1) direct and indirect exposure to police violence shaped perceptions of policing and feelings of safety; 2) police violence contributed to poor mental health and lack of trust in police; 3) Black women feared for the lives of their Black sons and male loved ones; and 4) individuals identified potential solutions, including racial concordance in policing and reduction or re-allocation of police investments. Overall, this study underscores the increased need for comprehensive police reform to address police violence and diverse representation of police. We also highlight the need for continued research to understand and address the implications of police violence, mental health, and community well-being.

Suggested Citation

  • Quinn, Katherine G. & Neal, Melissa L. & Valencia, Jesus & Hirschtick, Jana L. & Washington, DeJuan & Jacobs, Jacquelyn & Hunt, Bijou R., 2025. "A qualitative examination of how direct and indirect police violence shapes perceptions of police, sense of safety, and the mental health of Black adults in Chicago," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 374(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:socmed:v:374:y:2025:i:c:s0277953625003685
    DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2025.118038
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Quinn, Katherine G. & Edwards, Travonne & Johnson, Anthony & Takahashi, Lois & Dakin, Andrea & Bouacha, Nora & Voisin, Dexter, 2023. "Understanding the impact of police brutality on Black sexually minoritized men," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 334(C).
    2. Kyriopoulos, Ilias & Vandoros, Sotiris & Kawachi, Ichiro, 2022. "Police killings and suicide among Black Americans," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 305(C).
    3. repec:plo:pone00:0229686 is not listed on IDEAS
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    5. Cooper, H. & Moore, L. & Gruskin, S. & Krieger, N., 2004. "Characterizing perceived police violence: Implications for public health," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 94(7), pages 1109-1118.
    6. David S. Curtis & Tessa Washburn & Hedwig Lee & Ken R. Smith & Jaewhan Kim & Connor D. Martz & Michael R. Kramer & David H. Chae, 2021. "Highly public anti-Black violence is associated with poor mental health days for Black Americans," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 118(17), pages 2019624118-, April.
    7. Johnson, Odis & St. Vil, Christopher & Gilbert, Keon L. & Goodman, Melody & Johnson, Cassandra Arroyo, 2019. "How neighborhoods matter in fatal interactions between police and men of color," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 220(C), pages 226-235.
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